Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation is closely related to hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and increased serum cytokine levels in offspring and into their adulthood. MicroRNA (miRNA) have been implicated in cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. We evaluated the modulation of hepatic fatty acid synthesis (de novo), b-oxidation pathways, and miRNA-122 (miR-122) and miRNA-370 (miR-370) expression in recently weaned offspring (day 28) of mouse dams fed a HFD (HFD-O) or a standard chow (SC-O) during pregnancy and lactation. Compared with SC-O mice, HFD-O mice weighed more, had a larger adipose tissue mass and were more intolerant to glucose and insulin (P,0·05). HFD-O mice also presented more levels of serum cholesterol, TAG, NEFA and hepatic IkB kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation compared with SC-O mice (P,0·05). Protein levels of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase were similar in HFD-O and SC-O mice, whereas expression levels of SCD1 mRNA and protein were more abundant in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice (P,0·05). Interestingly, mRNA expression levels of the b-oxidation-related genes ACADVL and CPT1 were decreased in HFD-O mice (P,0·05). Furthermore, the expression of miR-122 was reduced but that of miR-370 was increased in HFD-O mice compared with that in SC-O mice (P,0·05). Changes in hepatic lipid metabolism were accompanied by increased mRNA content of AGPAT1 and TAG deposition in HFD-O mice (P,0·05). Taken together, the present results strongly suggest that maternal consumption of a HFD affects the early lipid metabolism of offspring by modulating the expression of hepatic b-oxidation-related genes and miRNA that can contribute to metabolic disturbances in adult life.

BackgroundNutritional status in early life is critically involved in the metabolic phenotype of offspring. However the changes triggered by maternal consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) in pre- or postnatal period should be better understood. Here we evaluated whether maternal HFD consumption during gestation and lactation could differently affect liver miR-122 and miR-370 expression leading to metabolic damages observed in offspring. Moreover, we investigate whether early overnutrition program offspring to more harmful response to HFD in later life.MethodsFemale mice were fed either a standard chow (SC) diet or a HFD three weeks before and during mating, gestation and/or lactation. Offspring were evaluated on the delivery day (d0), in a cross-fostering model at day 28 (d28) and in adult life, after a re-challenge with a HFD (d82).ResultsIn vitro analysis using liver cell line showed that palmitate could induced decrease in miR-122 and increase in miR-370 expression. Newborn pups (d0) from obese dams showed a decrease in lipid oxidation markers (Cpt1a and Acadvl), an increase in triacylglycerol synthesis markers (Agpat and Gpam), as well as lower miR-122 and higher miR-370 hepatic content that was inversely correlated to maternal serum NEFA and TAG. Pups fostered to SC dams presented an increase in body weight and Agpat/Gpam expression at d28 compared to pups fostered to HFD dams and an inverse correlation was observed between miR-122 hepatic expression and offspring serum TAG. In adult life (d82), the reintroduction of HFD resulted in higher body weight gain and hepatic lipid content. These effects were accompanied by impairment in lipid and glucose metabolism, demonstrated by reduced Cpt1a/Acadvl and increased Agpat/Gpam expression, lower glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.ConclusionOur data suggest that both gestational and lactation overnutrition results in metabolic changes that can permanently alter lipid homeostasis in offspring. The presence of fatty acids in maternal blood and milk seem to be responsible for modulating the expression of miR-122 and miR-370, which are involved in liver metabolism. These alterations significantly increase susceptibility to obesity and ectopic lipid accumulation and lead to a more harmful response to HFD in offspring.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0168-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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As planícies de inundação são áreas que margeiam os cursos d’água, podendo inundar em períodos de cheia. Possuem gradiente topográfico baixo, declividades brandas e solos aluviais. As áreas inundáveis podem também ser imergidas em eventos extremos de precipitação, porém não possuem as mesmas características fisiográficas das planícies de inundação, ou seja, estas podem não possuir uma larga margem horizontal no entorno do canal fluvial, não haver deposição de sedimentos, ser encaixadas, porém podem sofrer com o fenômeno da inundação. Sendo assim, este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão conceitual de planícies de inundação e áreas inundáveis, comparando os dois conceitos e aplicando-os nas bacias hidrográficas do ribeirão Bom Jardim e rio das Pedras, localizadas no Triângulo Mineiro. A partir da fisiografia das áreas, por meio da revisão conceitual e aplicação de ferramentas geocartográficas, constatou-se que toda a planície de inundação do Ribeirão Bom Jardim coincide com as áreas inundáveis, o que não ocorre com o Rio das Pedras. Tais áreas, indistintamente, devem ser preservadas para evitar danos materiais e humanos no futuro. Palavras-chave: Dinâmica fluvial. Deposição sedimentar. Fisiografia. Geocartografia.   FLOOD PLANS AND FLOODING AREAS: comparative analysis of the concepts through application in the hydrographic basin of Riverside Bom Jardim and Pedras River, Triângulo Mineiro ABSTRACT Flood plains are areas bordering waterways, which may flood during flood periods. They have a low topographic gradient, gentle slopes and alluvial soils. Flooded areas can also be immersed in extreme precipitation events, but they do not have the same physiographic characteristics of floodplains, ie they may not have a large horizontal margin around the river channel, no sediment deposition, no nesting , but may suffer from the flood phenomenon. Thus, this article aims to make a conceptual review of flood plains and flooded areas, comparing the two concepts and applying them in the river basins of Riverside Bom Jardim and Pedras’s River, located in the Triângulo Mineiro. From the physiography of the areas, through the conceptual review and application of geocartographic tools, it was verified that the entire floodplain of ribeirão Bom Jardim coincides with the flooded areas, which does not occur with the Pedras’s River. Such areas, without distinction, must be preserved to avoid material and human damages in the future. Keywords: Fluvial dynamics. Sediment deposition. Physiography. Geocartography.   PLANES DE INUNDACIÓN Y ÁREAS INUNDABLES: análisis comparativo de los conceptos mediante aplicación en las bacias hidrográficas del Ribeirón Bom Jardín y Rio de las Piedras, Triángulo Minero RESUMEN Las planicies de inundación son áreas que bordean los cursos de agua, pudiendo inundar en períodos de lleno. Poseen gradiente topográfico bajo, declividades blandas y suelos aluviales. Las áreas inundables también pueden ser sumergidas en eventos extremos de precipitación, pero no poseen las mismas características fisiográficas de las planicies de inundación, o sea, éstas pueden no poseer un amplio margen horizontal en el entorno del canal fluvial, no hay deposición de sedimentos, ser encajadas pero pueden sufrir con el fenómeno de la inundación. Siendo así, este artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión conceptual de planicies de inundación y áreas inundables, comparando los dos conceptos y aplicándolos en las cuencas hidrográficas del ribeirão Bom Jardim y río das Pedras, ubicadas en el Triángulo Minero. A partir de la fisiografía de las áreas, por medio de la revisión conceptual y aplicación de herramientas geocartográficas, se constató que toda la planicie de inundación del Ribeirão Bom Jardim coincide con las áreas inundables, lo que no ocurre con el Río das Pedras. Tales áreas, indistintamente, deben ser preservadas para evitar daños materiales y humanos en el futuro. Palabras clave: Dinámica fluvial. Deposición sedimentaria. Fisiografía. Geocartografía.

Usar a delimitação de bacias hidrográficas como unidade de planejamento ambiental possui uma série de benefícios metodológicos, já que esta delimitação facilita a análise de diversos fatores ambientais que implicam em uma elaboração mais próxima das características reais do ambiente e na melhoria/resolução dos problemas ambientais. Entretanto, o planejamento ambiental não deve focarse somente nos atributos do meio físico, devendo abranger também, com igual importância, os aspectos socioambientais. A ocupação das terras pelo homem se dá a partir de um curso hídrico, em função da disponibilidade de recursos para subsistência, bem como para transporte, assim, vale destacar a importância de um recorte hidrográfico como unidade de análise dos agentes sociais e suas relações com o meio. A partir disso, alcança-se os objetivos deste trabalho ao avaliar os aspectos socioambientais da bacia do córrego Olhos D"Água, entendendo sua importância, uma vez que os agentes sociais usufruem e se interagem com o ambiente.