The multiplicity of factors involved in the transmission of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) constitutes a challenge to its control. Thus, knowledge of such factors may contribute extremely toward redefining the control strategies. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic and environmental factors relating to ACL transmission in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. A case-control study with incident cases was conducted. Diagnostic criteria were the presence of compatible skin lesions, laboratory confirmation, and clinical cure after treatment. Two control groups were matched to cases by sex and age: one comprising neighbors and the other from a community-based draw; controls were individuals with no lesion and a negative Montenegro intradermal reaction. Between July 1, 2004 and February 1, 2007, 98 cases and the same number of controls per group were selected. In the multivariate analysis, for both control groups, ACL was associated with absence of a gas stove and forest less than 200 m away; for neighborhood controls with schooling of 4 years or less, family income greater than one minimum salary, birds inside the home, forest-related leisure activities, and rural work or school activities; and for community controls with non-durable wall material in the house, per capita income greater than US$ 28.31, animals inside the house, and absence of dogs and cats around the house. Specific control measures are recommended for areas with similar characteristics: protection for individuals undertaking forest-related leisure activities; distancing houses from forests by more than 200 m; and elimination of bird or other animal-rearing inside homes. General measures of improved housing and living conditions are also recommended.
OBJETIVO: Validar o critério diagnóstico clínico-epidemiológico para confirmação de casos suspeitos da cólera. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pacientes em um hospital público em Maceió, sendo 2.687 do ano de 1992 e 716 de 1997. Nos pacientes admitidos com diarréia, que realizaram pesquisa do Vibrio cholerae O1 (Koch, 1884) pelo cultivo em TCBS-agar, foi aplicado o critério clínico-epidemiológico comparando-o com o padrão-ouro. A análise foi feita por faixa etária - menor que cinco anos e igual ou maior a cinco anos - em 1992 e 1997. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 833 pacientes, 517 em 1992 e 316 em 1997; 72 com idade menor que cinco anos e 761 com idade igual ou maior a cinco anos. Nos pacientes menores que cinco anos, em 1992, a sensibilidade foi de 40%, enquanto a especificidade foi de 84,6%. Para a mesma faixa etária, em 1997, a sensibilidade foi de 28,6%. Já a especificidade foi de 62,5%. Nos pacientes com idade igual ou superior a cinco anos, em 1992, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 99% e 1,2%; respectivamente. Para a mesma faixa etária, em 1997, a sensibilidade foi de 86,9%, enquanto a especificidade foi de 8,7%. CONCLUSÃO: A elevada sensibilidade do critério diagnóstico clínico-epidemiológico da cólera nos pacientes com idade igual ou maior que cinco anos, nos dois anos estudados, recomenda sua aplicação nos períodos de epidemia. Quando a incidência baixa, todos os casos devem ter confirmação laboratorial.
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