The lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable alternative for fossil fuels. The extensive cultivation of coffee grounds in Brazil generates a large amount of residues, as coffee husks. The work aimed at performing the coffee husks characterization, investigating the viability for fast pyrolysis application. Coffee husks were dried, grinded in a knives mill and sieved using a mechanical sieving; different vibration frequencies and times were used to evaluate the effect of these variables in the size distribution. The true density was inferred for three distinct size ranges of the coffee husks, using a helium pycnometer. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed. The analytical pyrolysis was realized at 550°C, using a micro pyrolyzer (CDS 5200), vapors was identified by a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer (GC-MS QP 2010 plus, Shimadzu). The influence of the particles irregular shape was evidenced in the results of size distribution. The values of true density were around 1.5 g/cm3. The smaller the particle size, the higher the true density of the sample. Coffee husks can be used to generate high added value compounds: 1,3 pentadiene, limonene and n-hexadecanoic acid. Considering the use of coffee husks bio-oil as a fuel, results indicated that the bio-oil will present high calorific value, important acidity and smaller increases in viscosity and molecular weight if compared to the bio-oil of other lignocellulosic materials.
Os fertilizantes nitrogenados, como a ureia, têm sido bastante utilizados como fonte de micro e macronutrientes para as plantas. Porém, o nitrogênio presente no fertilizante acelera sua volatilização, sendo necessário aplicar técnicas como o recobrimento, para retardar este processo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e construção de um leito de jorro para o recobrimento de ureia. O sistema era composto por um soprador; um manômetro tubo em U para medição da queda de pressão do leito, um anemômetro de fio quente para aferição da vazão de ar, um leito de jorro cônico-cilíndrico e um bico borrifador para aspersão da solução recobridora. Esta solução possui composição (em massa): 0,5% de gelatina, 0,5% de amido, 3% de glicerina, 9% de talco e 87% de água. Inicialmente, caracterizou-se as partículas de ureia, quanto ao tamanho, forma e densidade. Em seguida, foi levantado o comportamento fluidodinâmico do leito, obtendo-se a curva característica que relaciona a queda de pressão em função da vazão de ar, para uma massa inicial de sólidos de 600 g de ureia. A condição de jorro mínimo obtida apresentou vazão de 13,85 m3/h e queda de pressão de 176,5 Pa. Foi realizado o experimento de recobrimento do fertilizante foi realizado em uma vazão de ar 20% superior ao mínimo jorro. O leito de jorro se mostrou eficiente no recobrimento do fertilizante estudado. Porém, para o melhor funcionamento do processo, observou-se a necessidade de acrescentar um sistema de aquecimento do ar.
Thermal decomposition of coffee husks was investigated by thermogravimetric analyses. The proximate, ultimate and composition analyses were performed. Thermogravimetric tests were realized, the material was heated to 1173 K using five heating rates: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 K min -1 . The kinetic parameters were estimated using the methods of Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman, the distributed activation energy model and the independent parallel reactions model. The isoconversional models of Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman showed the dependence between determined values of activation energy and mass conversion, the activation energy values varied from 1437.39 to 199.22 kJ mol -1 for Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and from 127.81 to 230.35 kJ mol -1 for Friedman model. The values of activation energy were determined for Miura-Maki method; varying from 137.39 to 199.22 kJ mol -1 . The model of parallel and independent reactions showed the presence of six different reactions (with activation energy values varying from 42.0 to 214.2 kJ mol -1 ) occurring during coffee husks pyrolysis, indicating a complex reaction. Currently, works regarding the determination of kinetic parameters for coffee husks pyrolysis are not common. The present work is the first report using the model of parallel and independent reactions to estimate kinetic parameters for pyrolysis of coffee husks, a residue widely generated worldwide.
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