2 Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa bonpl.) in the Southern Amazon, Brazil. Abstract 29 Brazil nut is one of the most important species of the Amazon due to its 30 socioeconomic importance. Especially in homogeneous production systems, it may be 31 susceptible to damage by wood-boring insects, as by the subfamily Scolytinae 32 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); thus, inadequate management conditions can cause 33 economic damage. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to evaluate the 34 occurrence of wood-boring insects (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in native and 35 homogeneous systems of Brazil nut in the Meridional Amazonian, Brazil. The study 36 was conducted in three environments: Conserved Native Planting nut, Anthropized 37 Native Planting nut and Homogeneous Planting nut. Twelve ethanol traps were installed 38 in each environment during four sampling periods. The data were submitted to 39 entomofaunistic analysis, Pearson´s correlation analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 40 2,243 individuals from 31 species were sampled, of which 23 were from the 41 Anthropized Native Planting nut, 24 from the Homogeneous Planting nut and 26 from 42 the Conserved Native Planting nut. In the faunistic analysis, we highlight the species 43 Xyleborus affinis (Eichhoff, 1868), which was the most representative one in the three 44 environments and a super-dominant species in all four sampling periods. There was a 45 greater similarity between the Anthropized Native Planting nut and the Conserved 46 Native Planting nut; these two environments showed dissimilarity with the 47 Homogeneous Planting nut. Monitoring coleoborers in Brazil nut agroecosystems is 48 fundamental for the establishment of integrated pest management strategies. Introduction 53 Considered one of the most important extractive species in the Amazon and 54 Brazil, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae) is part of the 55 socioeconomic support base of many traditional communities and has become a crop of 56 interest for commercial exploitation in homogeneous forest stands [1-3]. 57 Mainly because of deforestation, the decrease in Brazil nut trees in natural 58 areas compromises the sustainability of the extractive production chain. It is possible to 59 point to a tendency for declining extractive activity and, at the same time, the potential 60 for the rise of Brazil nut plantations, with greater technification, enhanced management 61 strategies and the use of sustainable agricultural practices [4,5]. In this way, the 62 development of silvicultural studies of Brazil nut as an alternative in the exploration of 63 forest and non-forest products is of paramount importance, aiming at the development 64 of effective management strategies [6]. 65 In forest systems, insects perform fundamental functions and interactions in 66 maintaining and regulating the conditions and resources of ecosystems. However, 67 insect-plant interactions in certain circumstances can compromise production in 68 agroecosystems, whether in direct or indirect damage, due to...