Background: Young people in European countries are experiencing high levels of alcohol and drug use and escalating levels of sexually transmitted infections. Individually these represent major public health priorities. Understanding of the association between sex and substance use, and specifically the strategic roles for which young people utilise substances to facilitate sexual activity, remains limited.

Health literacy, a more complex concept than knowledge, is a required capacity to obtain, understand, integrate and act on health information [1], in order to enhance individual and community health, which is defined by different levels, according to the autonomy and personal capacitation in decision making [2]. Medium levels of Health literacy in an adolescent population were found in a study conducted in 2013/2014, being higher in sexual and reproductive health and lower in substance use. It was also noticed that the higher levels of health literacy were in the area adolescents refer to have receipt more health information. The health literacy competence with higher scores was communication skills, and the lower scores were in the capacity to analyze factors that influence health. Higher levels were also found in younger teenagers, but in a higher school level, confirming the importance of health education in these age and development stage. Adolescents seek more information in health professionals and parents, being friends more valued as a source information in older adolescents, which enhance the importance of peer education mainly in older adolescents [3]. As a set of competences based on knowledge, health literacy should be developed through education interventions, encompassing the cultural and social context of individuals, since the society, culture and education system where the individual is inserted can define the way the development and enforcement of the health literacy competences [4]. The valued sources of information should be taken into account, as well as needs of information in some topics referred by adolescents in an efficient health education. Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental illness which has a profound effect on the health and well-being related with the well-known nature of psychotic symptoms. The exercise has the potential to improve the life of people with schizophrenia improving physical health and alleviating psychiatric symptoms. However, most people with schizophrenia remains sedentary and lack of access to exercise programs are barriers to achieve health benefits. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exercise on I) the type of intervention in mental health, II) in salivary levels of alpha-amylase and cortisol and serum levels of S100B and BDNF, and on III) the quality of life and selfperception of the physical domain of people with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 31 females in long-term institutions in the Casa de Saúde Rainha Santa Isabel, with age between 25 and 63, and with diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Physical fitness was assessed by the six-minute walk distance test (6MWD). Biological variables were determined by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Psychological variables were assessed using SF-36, PSPP-SCV, RSES and SWLS tests. Walking exercise has a positive impact on physical fitness (6MWD -p = 0.001) and physical components of the psychological test...

There are serious health problems related to transport and recreational nightlife activities. It is necessary to improve later public transport services, complemented by actions that deter the use of private cars. The relationships of both drunkenness and cannabis/cocaine use with traffic risk behaviors should be addressed and programs implemented to change risk perceptions on the effects of illegal drugs on driving.

Background: Night recreational settings have become a key location for the socialisation of young people. For customers attending these places, the consumption of alcohol and drugs is related to changes in sexual decision making and associated with increased likelihood of engagement in more risky sexual behaviours. Aim: To identify the characteristics of Portuguese young people who attend nightclubs, pubs and bars; to explore relationships between attendance at these settings and the consumption of alcohol and drugs; to study associations between substance use and sexual behaviour. Methods: Respondent-driven sampling methodology was used in nine Portuguese cities to survey 1142 young people who attend nightlife leisure locations. Results: Respondents regularly go out at night, especially at weekends. The most used substances are alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and ecstasy. Alcohol and drugs users have more regular and deeply-rooted night recreation habits than nonusers and drugs consumption increases with increased recreational activities. In the last 12 months, 83.3% of the respondents have already had sexual intercourse (X = 2.0 partner; SD = 2.3), 51.0% had sex under the influence of alcohol, 22.9% under the influence of drugs and 46.7% agreed that this influence made them have unsafe sex. Early alcohol and drug use was proportionately related to an early sexual experience. Alcohol and drugs users were more likely to adopt more sexual risk behaviours than non-users. Conclusions: The enjoyment of recreational nightlife settings exposes Portuguese clubbers to environmental factors which, in combination with substance use, may influence the nature of relationships between alcohol and drug use and sexual behaviour.Key words: nightlife recreational settings, alcohol, drug use, sexual behaviour. RESUMEN ABSTRACTAntecedentes: Los ambientes recreativos nocturnos son lugares claves de la socialización de los jóvenes. Entre quienes frecuentan estos lugares, el consumo de alcohol y drogas provoca cambios en la toma de decisiones sobre relaciones sexuales y se asocia a una mayor probabilidad de practicar conductas sexuales de riesgo. Objetivo: Describir a los jóvenes que salen los fines de semana; analizar las relaciones entre el hecho de ir a dichos lugares y el consumo de alcohol y drogas; estudiar asociaciones entre consumo de sustancias y conductas sexuales. Métodos: Se utilizó la metodología del respondent-driven sampling (o muestreo dirigido por los entrevistados) en nueve ciudades portuguesas para interrogar a 1.142 jóvenes que asistieron a locales de ocio nocturno. Resultados: Los participantes salen habitualmente de noche, sobre todo los fines de semana. Las sustancias más consumidas fueron alcohol, cannabis, cocaína y éxtasis. Los consumidores de alcohol y drogas presentan hábitos recreativos nocturnos mucho más arraigados que los no consumidores, y el consumo de drogas aumenta en proporción a las actividades recreativas. En los últimos 12 meses el 83,3% de los entrevistados habían mantenido relaciones sexuales ( X ...

Breast Cancer (BC) is the second most frequent cause of cancer death among women worldwide and, although there have been significant advances in BC therapies, a significant percentage of patients develop metastasis and disease recurrence. Since BC was demonstrated to be an immunogenic tumor, immunotherapy has broken through as a significant therapy strategy against BC. Over the years, immunotherapy has improved the survival rate of HER2+ BC patients due to the approval of some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab and, recently, Margetuximab, along with the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) Trastuzumab-Emtansine (T-DM1) and Trastuzumab Deruxtecan. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) showed promising efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment, namely Atezolizumab and Pembrolizumab. Despite the success of immunotherapy, some patients do not respond to immunotherapy or those who respond to the treatment relapse or progress. The main causes of these adverse events are the complex, intrinsic or extrinsic resistance mechanisms. In this review, we address the different immunotherapy approaches approved for BC and some of the mechanisms responsible for resistance to immunotherapy.