Abstract-Previous studies have reported results on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in Europe and Japan, but no data exists from South America. In this study, we conducted a population survey to identify reference values and to compare ambulatory blood pressure with clinic, home, and self-measured values. A random sample of 2650 adults was selected among 190 000 people covered by our prepaid healthcare institution. Clinic (physician and nurse) and home (nurse) blood pressure measurements were performed 3 times each, with semiautomatic electronic equipment. Self-measurements were performed by the subjects manually activating the ambulatory device. We analyzed 1573 individuals who were not receiving antihypertensive therapy from 1921 participants. Self-measurement was available in a subgroup of 577 participants younger than the whole sample. Evidence of the risks of arterial hypertension and the benefits of its treatment are based on casual blood pressure (BP) measurements. 7,8 Nevertheless, BP can be measured in different environments (clinic, home, and workplace), by different personnel (physician, nurse, or patient), and with a conventional sphygmomanometer or ABP devices. This introduces the problem of the correspondence among BP values measured in these different ways and situations, with its practical implications in the usual care of normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Correlation among ABP and the remaining BP measurement methods have been published in the above referred studies, but no one has compared the BP measured by a physician at clinic with BP measured by a nurse at clinic or at home, self-measured BP, and 24-hour ABP in the same sample. The purpose of this study was to estimate normal values of 24-hour ABP in an Uruguayan population and to perform a direct comparison of ABP results with clinic (physician and nurse), home, and self-measured BP values.

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This paper estimates a single-equation model to analyse the main explanatory factors behind changes in Spanish household credit, considering that the behaviour of its determinants is exogenous. According to the evidence reported, household borrowing is determined in the long run by real spending, gross wealth and the repayment term for outstanding credits, which have a positive influence, and by the cost of loans and the unemployment rate, the effect of which is of a negative sign. Developments in the short run are influenced by changes in long-term interest rates and in employment. The evidence offered suggests that, in general terms, the financing received by households over the period analysed is in line with what may be inferred from its determinants; however, the high volume of debt incurred entails greater exposure of the sector to unexpected changes in its income, in its wealth or in the cost of borrowing, especially in a setting in which floating-rate loans are increasingly significant.

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