A series of 89 adult-onset nephrotic patients with minimal changes on renal biopsy was analyzed to compare the rate of response to corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents and the stability of remission or frequency of relapses at different ages. Severe hypertension and diminished renal function were more common in patients aged over 60 years, who formed 22.5% of the group. Seventy-five patients were given a first course of prednisolone in an initial dose of 60 mg/24 hr. After an eight week course of tapering doses of corticosteroids, only 45 of the 75 patients were in complete remission, 55 patients after 16 weeks and eventually 58 lost their proteinuria. The respective estimates of remission were 60%, 76% and 81%. Subsequently, of the 58 treated patients who responded, 24% never relapsed. Fifty-six percent of the patients relapsed on a single occasion or infrequently, and only 21% were frequent relapsers. Cyclophosphamide was used in 36 patients, in two as initial treatment, in 11 because of corticosteroid resistance, and in the remainder because of relapses. The time-course of loss of proteinuria was similar to that following treatment with corticosteroids, 25 (69%) losing proteinuria within 16 weeks. Only four patients failed to lose their nephrotic syndrome. Two of them had presented in acute renal failure and all four were over 60 years of age. The stability of remission after cyclophosphamide was better than that reported for children, only 13 of 36 showing relapses and 66% being in remission at five years, after which no further relapses were seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common viral infection after transplantation. Valganciclovir (VGC) is established for prophylaxis and treatment of CMV infections, but leukopenia which appears in 10% to 13% (severe in 4.9%) is the principal side effect. We have recently noted an increased incidence of leukopenia and severe neutropenia among our renal transplant patients and thought to identify the associated factors. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all kidney transplantations performed between January 2005 and December 2006. All patients received mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), tacrolimus, and steroids. VGC was used for targeted prophylaxis and preemptive therapy of CMV infection, with doses adjusted to renal function. Of the 64 patients undergoing renal transplantation 13 (20.3%) developed leukopenia within 3 Ϯ 2 months after transplantation with severe neutropenia in 5 (7.8%). All patients were on MMF and VGC (VGC 605 Ϯ 296 mg/d). Leukopenia was significantly associated with simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation and with second kidney transplantations (P Ͻ .01). The incidence of leukopenia was higher among patients under VGC since day 1 of transplantation (P ϭ .008) with maximal incidence observed among patients prescribed 900 mg/d as opposed to those on lower doses (P Ͻ .01). There was no increase in CMV infection among patients with a low dose of VGC. No patient developed clinical CMV disease. In conclusion, VGC prophylaxis was associated with an increased frequency of leukopenia on MMF-tacrolimus treated patients or regimens. Low-dose VGC for CMV prophylaxis appeared to be as effective as high-dose treatment, and associated less frequently with leukopenia and neutropenia. C YTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant recipients.1 Among recipients of kidney transplants, CMV infection and disease are associated with decreased allograft and patient survivals.2 Risk factors for CMV infection and disease include donor (D) and recipient (R) serostatus, with donor-seropositive, recipient-seronegative (Dϩ/RϪ) as well as administration of antilymphocyte antibodies. Valganciclovir (VGC) is an L-valyl ester of ganciclovir with an oral bioavailability 10 times higher than oral ganciclovir, with the convenience of a once-daily oral dosing regimen. 4 It was recently reported that among Dϩ/RϪ patients, 900 mg/d of VGC was as clinically effective as 3 g/d of oral ganciclovir to prevent CMV.5 Several studies have reported that low-dose (450 mg/d) VGC is as effective as oral ganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis.6 -9 Present guidelines recommend 900 mg/d for CMV prophylaxis. 10Leukopenia has been the main side effect of VGC. A recent study showed that full VGC doses are associated with an important risk for neutropenia (12.5%), in conjunction with a cyclosporine (CsA)/tacrolimus-mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-based regimen.11 In our transplant unit, in the last years we have noticed a higher incidence of leukopenia among our patients, particularly upon the introduct...

The leucocyte subpopulations in the interstitium and the glomeruli in renal biopsies from 34 patients with IgA nephropathy were analysed using monoclonal antibodies and immunoperoxidase techniques. Monocyte/macrophages and T-cells constituted the predominant infiltrating cell type in the interstitium (278 +/- 24 and 269 +/- 37 cells/mm2 respectively). Few intraglomerular leucocytes were seen, the majority of them belonging to the monocyte/macrophage phenotype (1.1 +/- 0.1 cells/glomerular cross-section). CD4+ lymphocytes predominated among the interstitial and glomerular T-cell populations and the CD4:CD8 ratio was 2.1 +/- 1.1 and 2.4 +/- 1.5 respectively. Only small numbers of NK cells and B cells were found in the interstitium, and almost none in the glomeruli. In contrast, significantly increased numbers of DR-expressing interstitial cells were seen (487 +/- 29/mm2), whereas DR expression by the tubular cells was minimal (37 +/- 6/mm2). Numbers of total leukocytes and T-cells were well correlated with the degree of tubulointerstitial damage and there was a significant correlation between renal functional impairment at the time of biopsy and the numbers of interstitial T cells (P less than 0.05) and CD4+ T cells (P less than 0.01). In contrast, interstitial mononuclear cells did not correlate with subsequent progression of the disease over 2-3 years. However, a more rapid decline of renal function was associated with increased numbers of interstitial B cells. No association was found between intraglomerular cells and degree of renal impairment either at the time of biopsy or in the long term.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ferreira AC, Nolasco F, Carvalho D, Sampaio S, Baptista A, Pessegueiro P, Monteiro E, Mourão L, Barroso E. Impact of RIFLE classification in liver transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 394–400. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract:  Acute renal failure (ARF) is common after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of RIFLE classification in the development of CKD, hemodialysis requirement, and mortality. Patients were categorized as risk (R), injury (I) or failure (F) according to renal function at day 1, 7 and 21. Final renal function was classified according to K/DIGO guidelines. We studied 708 OLT recipients, transplanted between September 1992 and March 2007; mean age 44 ± 12.6 yr, mean follow‐up 3.6 yr (28.8%≥5 yr). Renal dysfunction before OLT was known in 21.6%. According to the RIFLE classification, ARF occurred in 33.2%: 16.8% were R class, 8.5% I class and 7.9% F class. CKD developed in 45.6%, with stages 4 or 5d in 11.3%. Mortality for R, I and F classes were, respectively, 10.9%, 13.3% and 39.3%. Severity of ARF correlated with development of CKD: stage 3 was associated with all classes of ARF, stages 4 and 5d only with severe ARF. Hemodialysis requirement (23%) and mortality were only correlated with the most severe form of ARF (F class). In conclusion, RIFLE classification is a useful tool to stratify the severity of early ARF providing a prognostic indicator for the risk of CKD occurrence and death.

Introduction. ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABOi LT) is considered to be a rescue option in emergency transplantation. Herein, we have reported our experience with ABOi LT including long-term survival and major complications in these situations. Patient and Methods. ABOi LT was performed in cases of severe hepatic failure with imminent death. The standard immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. Pretransplantation patients with anti-ABO titers above 16 underwent plasmapheresis. If the titer was above 128, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was added at the end of plasmapheresis. The therapeutic approach was based on the clinical situation, hepatic function, and titer evolution. A rapid increase in titer required five consecutive plasmapheresis sessions followed by administration of IVIG, and at the end of the fifth session, rituximab. Results. From