Background. Methadone is a low-cost, strong opioid that is increasingly used as a rst-line treatment for pain in palliative care (PC). Its long and unpredictable half-life and slow elimination phase can make titration challenging. Evidence for titration modalities is scarce.Objective. To describe the titration phase of the treatment with low dose rst-line methadone and the use of methadone for breakthrough pain.Methods. Prospective study with strong opioid-naïve patients with moderate to severe cancer pain followed at a tertiary PC unit in Argentina. Starting methadone dose was 2.5-5 mg/day every 8, 12, or 24 hours. Titration allowed daily dose increases from Day 1, and prescription of oral methadone 2.5 mg every 2 hours with a maximum of 3 rescue doses/day for breakthrough pain. Pain control, methadone stabilization dose, and adverse effects, among other variables, were daily assessed over the rst 7 days (T0 -T7).Results. 62 patients were included. Initial median (IQR) methadone dose was 5(2.5) mg/day. Pain intensity decreased from a median (IQR) of 8(2.3) at T0 to 4(2.3) at T1 and remained ≤4 until T7 (all p<0.0001 compared to T0). Similar results were obtained through the categorical and tolerability scales for pain. Fifty patients (81%) reached pain control, 66% in the rst 48 hours. Methadone daily dose at T2 and T7 were higher than that at T0: 7.5(3) and 6.7(5.5) versus 5(2.5); respectively (all p<0.05). The opioid escalation index at T7 was 1.7%. The median (IQR) number of rescues, stabilization dose and time for stabilization were 0 (1), 5(4.5) mg and 3(2) days, respectively. Two patients were discontinued due to delirium. All the other side effects were mild.Conclusions. First-line, low-dose methadone using rescue methadone resulted in a pronounced and rapid decrease in pain, with minimal need for titration and for breakthrough doses, and no evidence of accumulation or sedation by the end of the week.

Chia is generally grown under rainfed conditions and is often under water de cit conditions during the critical period of owering and grain lling when yield is determined. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), radiation use e ciency (RUE), water use e ciency (WUE), and grain yield were affected by different soil water availabilities during the critical period for yield in chia. Four levels of total available water (TAW) during the critical period were obtained using supplemental drip irrigation including: T90 (90% TAW), T65 (65% TAW), T45 (45% TAW), and T30 (30% TAW). No reductions in iPAR and RUE (total dry matter or yield per unit of intercepted radiation) were found between T65 and T90, which led to similar total dry matter and grain yield. In contrast, water availabilities equal to or lower than 45% of TAW decreased iPAR and RUE, and subsequently total dry matter and yield decreased. The decrease in RUE was associated with a reduction in WUE (total dry matter per mm of evapotranspiration) and crop conductance (gc; evapotranspiration per unit of iPAR). This occurred in part because moderate-to-severe water stress increased the proportion of crop evapotranspiration that evaporated from the soil and decreased the amount of water transpired per unit of intercepted radiation. The use of supplemental irrigation to ensure 65% of total available water in the soil during the critical period for yield would reduce the contribution of soil evaporation and increase crop transpiration by increasing crop ground cover and would lead to improved grain yields.

La investigación de mercado es un proceso utilizado de manera frecuente para solucionar problemas entre una empresa y sus mercados, a través de la búsqueda y el análisis de la información. Por ello, la investigación tuvo por objetivo realizar un estudio de mercado para la creación de una empresa de sublimación ubicada en la provincia del cantón La Troncal. Bajo una metodología de tipo descriptiva, no experimental y corte transversal con un enfoque cuantitativo. La población del estudio corresponde a los habitantes del cantón La Troncal entre 15 a 65 años siendo de 75.212 y como muestra 384 personas. Donde se le aplicaron un cuestionario de 12 preguntas. Los resultados indicaron que alrededor del 99% de las personas les interesa el servicio y señala que el proyecto es atractivo como inversión. Concluyendo que la población en estudio sí aceptaría consumir productos sublimados directamente del lugar.

No abstract

Chia is generally grown under rainfed conditions and is often under water deficit conditions during the critical period of flowering and grain filling when yield is determined. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), radiation use efficiency (RUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield were affected by different soil water availabilities during the critical period for yield in chia. Four levels of total available water (TAW) during the critical period were obtained using supplemental drip irrigation including: T90 (90% TAW), T65 (65% TAW), T45 (45% TAW), and T30 (30% TAW). No reductions in iPAR and RUE (total dry matter or yield per unit of intercepted radiation) were found between T65 and T90, which led to similar total dry matter and grain yield. In contrast, water availabilities equal to or lower than 45% of TAW decreased iPAR and RUE, and subsequently total dry matter and yield decreased. The decrease in RUE was associated with a reduction in WUE (total dry matter per mm of evapotranspiration) and crop conductance (gc; evapotranspiration per unit of iPAR). This occurred in part because moderate-to-severe water stress increased the proportion of crop evapotranspiration that evaporated from the soil and decreased the amount of water transpired per unit of intercepted radiation. The use of supplemental irrigation to ensure 65% of total available water in the soil during the critical period for yield would reduce the contribution of soil evaporation and increase crop transpiration by increasing crop ground cover and would lead to improved grain yields.