ndoscopic sinus and skull base surgery (ESSS) is considered the "gold standard" for the treatment of many lesions of the nose, paranasal sinus, and adjacent structures. The manipulation of instruments during these procedures is challenging because of the complex anatomy and proximity to important structures such as the brain, orbital content, carotid arteries, and optic nerve, among others. 1 Long periods of training are traditionallynecessary in order to perform safe and adequate ESSS. Resident training includes anatomic lectures, a video session, cadaver dissection, direct observation of surgeries, and the realization of ESSS supervised by experienced doctors. Unfortunately,in some training hospitals, this process has been impaired by the restricted number of procedures and more difficult dissection pieces.1,2 In order to fulfill this problem, virtual simulators have been developed. These simulators use virtual-reality concepts and direct interactionmechanismswith users, such as simulationof force and feedback of touch sensation on specific structures. 1 .3-5 Unfortunately, these virtual models have some disadvantages, such as the high cost of the equipment, the use of computer-generated virtual images, some with low resolution, and touch-sensitive alterations in some structures. In addition, they do not allow the use of real instruments used on ESSS.

The leading symptoms were improved by functional endoscopic sinus surgery but not so much we expect. Allergic rhinitis presenting, not using nasal spray, poor ambient control influenced this result. Polyps patient achieved better symptoms outcome and quality of life responses on the most of symptoms than CRS patients.

Intratympanic mitomycin C was ineffective in preventing middle-ear cholesteatoma and otitis media in this rat model.

Funct ional endoscopic sinus surgery is the preferred treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis currently. Success on symptoms relief and quality of life improvement are the study leading objectives. Study design: retrospective clinical trial. Methods: Questionnaires were given to the patients referred to Hospital das Clinicas-UFPE to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) functional endoscopic sinus intervention during [2003][2004]. Symptoms outcome before and after surgery were compared and analyzed using a five-pointranking scale. Results: Twenty-four pacients answered the questions. Eleven pacientes had CRS and 13 had CRS associated with nasal polypos. Quality of life was restricted by CRS in everyone, with a good improvement in 54,2% cases. All patients could recommend functional endoscopic sinus surgery to someone with same nasal problems and only 3 would not get surgery again. The best symptoms relif results were: nasal obstruction (83,3%), cacosmia/halitosis (80%), hyposmia/anosmia (63,15%), headache (62%). Patients with polyps achieved better symptomatic response than patients with only CRS. Conclusions: The leading simptoms were improved by functional endoscopic sinus surgery but not so much we expect. Allergic rhinits presenting, not using nasal spray, poor ambient control influenced this result. Polyps patient achivied better symptoms outcome and quality of life responses on the most of symptoms than CRS pacients.

RESUMOIntrodução: No diagnóstico diferencial das perdas sensorioneurais assimétricas fazem parte os distúrbios vasculares e dentre essas alterações encontra-se o dolicomega da artéria vértebro-basilar. Habitualmente essa doença é assintomática e quando há sintomas esses podem ser causados por compressão ou isquemia. Clinicamente podem ocorrer: perda neurossensorial, zumbido, cefaleia, hipoestesia facial, neuralgia trigeminal, vertigem, diplopia e paralisia facial entre outros. O exame de imagem de escolha para seu diagnóstico é a ressonância nuclear magnética. A terapia do dolicomega da artéria basilar pode ser intervencionista ou conservadora dependendo dos achados associados. A abordagem multidisciplinar incluindo neurologista, neurocirurgião e otorrinolaringologista para adequada condução do caso é recomendada.