Traffic noise is a major cause of noise pollution, and impacts of noise pollution on humans have been studied extensively. Previous studies have helped in the development of traffic noise prediction analysis using robust analytical and computational models, parameters connected with traffic, road characteristics, and environment. This study reviewed 11 traffic noise modeling strategies and parameters used by various agencies in different parts of the world. Seven out of the 11 models reviewed in this paper were based on outdoor measurements while the remaining four were based on outdoor and indoor measurements. Considering the cost and time involved in developing these models, there is need to understand existing traffic noise models, differences, and assumptions before adopting or recalibrating them for local demands. This study contributes to the larger body of knowledge and intends to serve as a reference material for future researchers in the area of traffic noise modeling and techniques.

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Noise pollution is one of Ghana’s environmental risks and it has become the norm in metropolitan areas to the point where residents in these locations experience noise nuisance and may be at risk of hearing loss. Most developed and developing countries have established traffic noise standards as a control mechanism to reduce traffic noise exposure emissions. This study aims to investigate current practices of traffic noise regulations and policy. Various agencies responsible for the control of noise pollution and the urban road sector were interviewed about traffic noise standards and practices, and it was observed that these agencies’ noise practices were based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established guidelines, which did not include transportation noise regulation. Except for a Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA), regulation that allows a certain vehicle horning system for specific vehicle users, this study discovered that this policy is not fully implemented. A preliminary survey was conducted to collect traffic field data and inhabitants’ perceptions of traffic noise. Of the 30 respondents, 26 respondents (86.7%) affirmed that they experience traffic noise pollution at various locations, while 23 respondents (76.7%) reported various health effects due to exposure to traffic noise. This can be related to the observed noise levels which exceeded the dissatisfaction score of 5 (89 dB(A)), and also Leq value (109.1 dB(A)) was greater than the environmental permissible limit of the EPA standard of 70 dB(A). This indicates that roadside residents suffer from noise annoyance. It is recommended that transport, and environmental-related agencies work unanimously to ensure that effective control of traffic noise pollution is developed, enforced, and implemented.