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Background: Drugs containing bismuth, although usually safe, may rarely cause neurotoxicity. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman treated with bismuth subsalicylate for about 20 years, who developed abnormal behaviour and postural instability in two weeks. On examination, she had greyish discoloration of teeth, was confused and presented generalized myoclonic jerks. In the next days, her clinical condition deteriorated, with a reduction in alertness and more exuberant myoclonus. Brain MRI was unremarkable. CSF revealed mild elevation of protein content (47 mg/dL; reference range: 15-45 mg/dL) and elevation of white blood cell count (10/μL). Bismuth levels in urine (375 μg/L), serum (260 μg/L) and CSF (21.4 μg/L) samples were highly above the threshold for toxicity. Following supportive treatment and bismuth discontinuation, she made a full recovery within weeks. Conclusions: Although rare, bismuth encephalopathy should be considered in patients presenting with subacute encephalopathy and myoclonus. This encephalopathy can be subacute even after a chronic exposure. Cessation of bismuth can lead to a complete resolution in weeks.

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Objectives This retrospective case series study aimed to investigate the demographic and clinical patterns of primary stabbing headache (PSH). In addition, we tried to identify subgroups of treatment responses in a neurology outpatient consultation at a Portuguese tertiary hospital. Methods Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed and patients meeting the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, criteria for PSH were identified from January 2014 to December 2020. We collected data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical features of the headache, primary headache comorbidities, and information about treatment‐related do PSH. Results Of 1857 patients, 32 (1.7%; mean [SD] age of onset 56 [3.5] years) had the final diagnosis of PSH. Regarding headache characteristics, 20 patients (62.5%) reported episodes of stabbing in fixed locations and 12 (37.5%) in multiple areas; the duration of each attack was between ≤5 s (seven [21.9%]), 5–60 s (20 [62.5%]), and ≥60 s (five [15.6%]). In all, 18 patients (56.3%) had an episodic course (vs. six of 32 [18.8%] an acute course and eight of 32 [25%] a chronic course). In all, 17 patients started medical treatment (53.1%), with total or partial improvement in 10 (58.8%) of them. It was found that patients with pain in fixed locations had a better response to treatment when compared to patients with multiple locations, in a statistically significant way (eight of 11 vs. two of six, p = 0.023). Conclusion In our sample, the mean age of onset of PSH was >50 years and there was a wide range of PSH duration. The duration of each attack (>5 s), the pain in fixed locations, non‐daily episodes of the pain in each attack, and the intermittent course of headache were the most prevalent clinical features. Finally, patients with stabbing in localized areas had a better response to treatment.

Wunderlich syndrome is a rare and possibly life-threatening haemorrhagic syndrome presenting as spontaneous nontraumatic renal rupture with subcapsular and perinephric haemorrhage. Apixaban, a direct oral anticoagulant recommended in patients with atrial fibrillation, has previously been associated with atraumatic solid organ rupture but, to date, no case of apixaban-related Wunderlich syndrome has been reported. We report a rare case of Wunderlich syndrome associated with apixaban while addressing the difficulties face by clinicians when managing anticoagulation in bleeding patients.