L yme disease is an emerging zoonosis caused by the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted between vertebrate hosts, including humans, by ticks in the Ixodes ricinus complex. Annual cases of Lyme disease in the United States, as reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1), have grown from a few hundred in the early 1980s to >30,000 in recent years. A recent study estimated that actual clinician diagnoses of Lyme disease in the past decade exceed 450,000 per year (2,3). Increasing incidence over the past few decades reflects both upward trends in case numbers within Lyme diseaseendemic locations and a dramatic geographic spread from both northeastern and Midwestern foci (4-6). Beyond the effects of Lyme disease on human health, economic costs of patient care are estimated at ≈$1 billion/year in the United States (7).Preventing exposure to B. burgdorferi and other tickborne pathogens can be aided by personal practices such as applying repellents, checking for ticks, and avoiding tick habitats. However, the efficacy of these methods is unclear, and considerable differences in effects have been reported (8,9). Although specific methods of property and wildlife management (e.g., deer hunting) are advocated by some agencies (10), knowledge of the effectiveness of these recommendations in reducing human encounters with ticks and incidence of tickborne diseases (TBDs) is limited (11-13).

Chubs of the genus Nocomis build large pebble nests that may serve as an important microhabitat for macroinvertebrates and small vertebrates in streams of eastern North America. Macroinvertebrates that use chub nests have not been systematically documented. In this study, we examined the macroinvertebrate communities present inside bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus nests in a small tributary creek of the New River in Virginia, USA. Individuals from 38 families of macroinvertebrates were recovered from nests. Snails from the family Pleuroceridae were the most numerous invertebrates in four nests examined, making up an average of 13.6 § 7.53% of the macroinvertebrate community. This study revealed that communities in chub nests are diverse but not necessarily unique from the surrounding stream substrate. More longterm studies on macroinvertebrate communities of chub nests are needed to elucidate the function of nests as a stream microhabitat.

Acaricides are hypothesized to reduce human risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens by decreasing the abundance and/or infection prevalence of the ticks that serve as vectors for the pathogens. Acaricides targeted at reservoir hosts such as small mammals are expected to reduce infection prevalence in ticks by preventing their acquisition of zoonotic pathogens. By reducing tick abundance, reservoir-targeted or broadcast acaricides could reduce tick infection prevalence by interrupting transmission cycles between ticks and their hosts. Using an acaricide targeted at small-mammal hosts (TCS bait boxes) and one sprayed on low vegetation (Met52 fungal biocide), we tested the hypotheses that infection prevalence of blacklegged ticks with zoonotic pathogens would be more strongly diminished by TCS bait boxes, and that any effects of both acaricidal treatments would increase during the four years of deployment. We used a masked, placebo-controlled design in 24 residential neighborhoods in Dutchess County, New York. Analyzing prevalence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti in 5380 nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks, we found little support for either hypothesis. TCS bait boxes did not reduce infection prevalence with any of the three pathogens compared to placebo controls. Met52 was associated with lower infection prevalence with B. burgdorferi compared to placebo controls but had no effect on prevalence of infection with the other two pathogens. Although significant effects of year on infection prevalence of all three pathogens were detected, hypothesized cumulative reductions in prevalence were observed only for B. burgdorferi. We conclude that reservoir-targeted and broadcast acaricides might not generally disrupt pathogen transmission between reservoir hosts and tick vectors or reduce human risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens.

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