This study confirms that CSA is an important finding in a significant number of young children referred for an evaluation for suspected sleep related disordered breathing. Any child diagnosed with CSA warrants full clinical assessment, including neuro-imaging. Future research should aim to evaluate the long term outcome of significant CSA.

Summaryobjective To estimate the change in annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) in two neighbouring urban communities of Cape Town, South Africa with an HIV prevalence of approximately 2%, and to compare ARTI with notification rates and treatment outcomes in the tuberculosis (TB) programme.methods In 1998-1999 and 2005, tuberculin skin test surveys were conducted to measure the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and to calculate the ARTI. All 6 to 9-year-old children from all primary schools were included in the survey. Notification rates and treatment outcomes were obtained from the TB register.

We reviewed the current literature on the burden of asthma in South Africa (SA) in the context of other low-and middle-income countries and on rural and urban differences in prevalence and severity of asthma. Methods The SA Childhood Asthma Working Group (SACAWG) convened in January 2017 with six task groups, each headed by a leader (Appendix A), constituting the editorial committee on assessment of asthma epidemiology, diagnosis, control, treatments, novel treatments and self-management plans. The task groups reviewed the available scientific literature on the burden of asthma from high-quality datasets and any local data on asthma prevalence and severity in This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0.