Self-Organising Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is proposed, which dynamically adapt to varying capacity demands. The Base Band Units and Remote Radio Heads are scaled semi-statically based on the concept of cell differentiation and integration (CDI) while a dynamic load balancing is formulated as an integer-based optimisation problem with constraints. A Discrete Particle Swarm Optimisation (DPSO) is developed as an Evolutionary Algorithm to solve load balancing optimisation problem. The performance of DPSO is tested based on two problem scenarios and compared to an Exhaustive Search (ES) algorithm. The DPSO deliver optimum performance for small-scale networks and near optimum performance for large-scale networks. The DPSO has less complexity and is much faster than the ES algorithm. Computational results demonstrate significant throughput improvement in a CDIenabled C-RAN compared to a fixed C-RAN, i.e., an average throughput increase of 45.53 and 42.102 percent, and a decrease of 23.149 and 20.903 percent in the average blocked users is experienced for Proportional Fair (PF) and Round Robin (RR) schedulers, respectively. A power model is proposed to estimate the overall power consumption of C-RAN. A decrease of % 16% is estimated in a CDI-enabled C-RAN when compared to a fixed C-RAN, both serving the same geographical area. Index Terms-Base band unit (BBU), cloud radio access network (C-RAN), particle swarm optimisation (PSO), remote radio head (RRH), self-optimising network (SON)

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With the vast usage of network services, Security became an important issue for all network types. Various techniques emerged to grant network security; among them is Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). Many extant NIDSs actively work against various intrusions, but there are still a number of performance issues including high false alarm rates, and numerous undetected attacks. To keep up with these attacks, some of the academic researchers turned towards machine learning (ML) techniques to create software that automatically predict intrusive and abnormal traffic, another approach is to utilize ML algorithms in enhancing Traditional NIDSs which is a more feasible solution since they are widely spread. To upgrade the detection rates of current NIDSs, thorough analyses are essential to identify where ML predictors outperform them. The first step is to provide assessment of most used NIDS worldwide, Snort, and comparing its performance with ML classifiers. This paper provides an empirical study to evaluate performance of Snort and four supervised ML classifiers, KNN, Decision Tree, Bayesian net and Naïve Bays against network attacks, probing, Brute force and DoS. By measuring Snort metric, True Alarm Rate, F-measure, Precision and Accuracy and compares them with the same metrics conducted from applying ML algorithms using Weka tool. ML classifiers show an elevated performance with over 99% correctly classified instances for most algorithms, While Snort intrusion detection system shows a degraded classification of about 25% correctly classified instances, hence identifying Snort weaknesses towards certain attack types and giving leads on how to overcome those weaknesses.  es.

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