Abstract:Cellulase are the enzymes hydrolyzing cellulosic biomass and are produced by the microorganism that grown over cellulosic matter. Bacterial Cellulases poses more advantage when compared to the cellulases from other sources. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of cellulase production from the bacteria Bacillus Circulans CC2 and CC4 in comparison with isolates hydrolize rice straw. CC2 and CC4 isolated from larvae Cossus cossus. The testing to produce cellulase was done with various pH and temperature. The enzyme activity was tested using DNS Method. The results showed that the isolated CC2 and CC4 have the same optimum temperature of 70°C on condition CMC 1%, medium pH 7,0. Crude extract cellulase isolates CC2 work optimally at pH 4 while the isolates CC4 work at pH 7. highest activity in the cellulase enzymes hydrolyze the substrate on cellulose powder with optimum activity at pH 4 CC4 isolates of 2.775 x 10-2 U/ mL, while the enzyme activity CC2 isolates 4.359 x 10-2 U/mL, p this occurs due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates with cellulase enzymes will outline the cellulose into glucose which is a simple form.

Nanotechnology explores nanoscale materials that can be used in a wide range of industries such as biotechnology, cosmetics, drug delivery, nanomedicine, and biosensors. Nanoparticles in diverse shapes and sizes can be prepared through physical, chemical, and biological methods. The employment of reducing agents, which will change their form, size range, level of stability, and interaction, is a crucial part thus employing a biological approach is necessary. Chemically generated metal oxide nanoparticles raise considerable issues owing to the usage of hazardous and poisonous chemicals, as well as the potential for conservational impairment. In contrast, the production of silver nanoparticles using the principal method of green synthesis has found a special place in research that is considered more environmentally approachable requiring the use to produce non-toxic nanomaterials. Plants and polymer materials have received a lot of interest in the preparation of nanoparticles since they are renewable and affordable. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of more ecologically friendly synthesis techniques that use plant extracts to make silver nanoparticles and their application as antibacterial agents, as well as toxicity features based on the shape, size range, and phytochemical mechanism of plants.

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The effect of Cu2+ and Mg2+ metal ions on the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins of ethanol extract from the red dragon skin fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has been done. Anthocyanin pigments from ethanol extract the red dragon skin fruit, content and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from the red dragon fruit skin with ethanol solvent, and the effect of Cu2+ and Mg2+ metal ions on the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins. Identification of anthocyanin was done by identification of color test, using spectrophotometer analysis of UV-Vis and FTIR. The anthocyanin content was determined using pH difference method, and determined effect of metal ions extract was done by adding 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm of metal ions Cu2+ and Mg2+ into the anthocyanin extract that was been acidified by HCl , using spectrophotometer analysis of FTIR. Antioxidant activity test using DPPH method. The results show that ethanol extracts the red dragon anthocyanin by content is 12.5241 mg / L and antioxidant activity (IC50) is 0.478 μg / mL and with addition of2+ and Mg2+ metal ions can be increased antioxidant activity (IC50) of anthocyanins to be 0.2259 μg / mL for Cu2+ at concentration 50 ppm and 0.3351 μg / mL for Mg2+ at concentration 50 ppm.

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