Agribusiness is the biggest production sector in the European Union taking into account both the value of turnover and the creation of added value as well as employment size. In this context, the food industry deserves a special distinction. In the publication, the analyses of the food industry competitiveness in Poland are presented. For analysing and assessing competitiveness of the Polish food industry, the following factors were used: the orientation of export (OE), covering of import by export (TC), the import penetration (MP) and the revealed comparative advantages according to the Balassa (RCA) and Lafay (LFI). Th e study also presents the fi ndings of empirical research on an innovative character of the food industry in Poland.

The article is for illustrative purposes and presents the general situation of price differences in the food chain in theoretical and methodological aspects. The main objective of the research was to assess the market situation of the purchase of agricultural products against a background of prices in retail stores. The research was conducted using the observational method in mid-2021. The subject of the study were the 20 most popular agricultural products, purchased directly from the agricultural producer and through retail chains as products ready for sale unchanged from the moment of purchase. The volatility of prices between different links in the food chain was also determined using Pearson’s linear correlation. The differences in the estimated percentage mark-up of selected retail chains in relation to the obtained values of the price relation index are presented. It was found that the analyzed price differences constituted a complex research problem and were conditioned by many determinants. The relation between the prices offered for agricultural products in purchase and retail prices was often 200%. The main reason for the price differences was the extensive supply chain between the farmer and the chain of stores. The results of the correlation of price volatility allowed to conclude that there was a phenomenon related to the transfer of price risk in the scope of subsequent links of the food chain.

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The main aim of the research was to assess the price differences of selected agricultural products in the area of the first degree administrative division of Poland. The study focused on the analysis of the dynamics of price changes in individual regions, specified the impact of the production volume and consumption of a given product on the retail price, and an attempt was made to define a regression model in terms of the price of an agricultural product. The years 2010-2019 were assumed as the research period, and four products were analyzed: sugar, eggs, flour and milk. It was found that the average annual dynamics of changes was similar for all voivodeships, in particular for products such as flour, eggs and sugar. In the case of the correlation analysis, it was found that there was a certain interdependence of prices in relation to production and prices for consumption, which is not coherent on a regional basis. The regression model analysis proved ineffective in trying to forecast future market behavior as well as consumer behavior.

Cel: Celem artykułu była analiza korelacji wybranych indeksów giełdowych oraz sprawdzenie możliwości ich prognozowania. Materiały i metody: Badanie zostało podzielone na dwie części: zależność indeksów w ujęciu miesięcznym oraz w zakresie perspektywy jego prognozowania. Materiał badawczy dotyczy okresu za lata 2010-2020 a badanie oparto o współczynnik korelacji Pearsona oraz korelacje rang Spearmana. Wyniki: Analiza wykazała wyraźny stopień skorelowania światowych indeksów giełdowych w zakresie rozumowania interpretacji zjawiska korelacji. W przypadku próby prognozowanie przyszłych wartości danego indeksu giełdowego, badania wykazały negatywny skutek polegający na braku odpowiedniego wnioskowania na podstawie historycznych danych. Wnioski: Próba prognozowania przyszłych wartości danego indeksu giełdowego, na podstawie historycznych danych jest niemożliwa. Próba budowania odpowiedniej strategii inwestycyjnej w oparciu o wspomnianą metodologię (próba II) może być nieskuteczna. _____________________________ Objectives: The aim of the article was to analyze the correlation of selected stock market indices and check the possibility of forecasting them. Data and methods: The study was divided into two parts: the dependence of indices on a monthly basis and in terms of the perspective of its forecasting. The research material concerns the period for the years 2010-2020 and the study was based on the Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlations. Results: The analysis showed a clear degree of correlation of global stock indices in terms of reasoning for the interpretation of the correlation phenomenon. In the case of an attempt to forecast the future values of a given stock index, the research showed a negative effect consisting in the lack of adequate inference based on historical data. Conclusions: It is impossible to try to forecast the future value of a given stock index on the basis of historical data. Trying to build an appropriate investment strategy based on this methodology (sample II) may be ineffective.