Objective:Although many studies worldwide explained the risk factors for developing Diabetic Foot Ulceration (DFU), little has been done to assess medical factors in DFU formation and link them in patients of Pakistan. This study aimed to link the DFU with different risk factors.Methods:This descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Centre / Post Graduate Medical Institute / Lahore General Hospital. Data of all patients presenting between July 2017 to June 2018 were analyzed for risk factors. Analysis was done on SPSS version 21.Results:Total of 3301 patient were seen during this period, out of which 2052 patient data was picked up as it was complete in respect to the information needed. Middle age, Male gender, Type 2 diabetes, and Hypertension, were insignificantly co-related. High waist circumference, Comorbidity like Neuropathy, Dyslipidemia, Greater body mass index, Poor compliance with Medication and type of medication used (combination of oral and injectable) were found statistically significant predictor for DFU. However retinopathy was not found to be a risk factor of DFU. This result was statistically significant.Conclusion:Factors like obesity, waist circumference, combination of oral along with injectable therapies, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, retinopathy and poor compliance with medication were statistically significant and can be strongly linked with diabetic foot ulcer. Middle age, Male gender, Type 2 diabetes, and Hypertension were insignificantly co-related. However, further studies are needed in larger population to support these findings.

Objective: We aimed to find out the differences in degree of depression and anxiety experienced by working mother who leave their children at daycare as compared to those who leave them at home. Study Design: Cross Sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Lahore General Hospital Lahore. Period: October, 2019 to March, 2020. Material & Methods: Through random sampling, 100 working mothers participated by filling a structured questionnaire after informed consent. It consisted of 50 women leaving their children at home and 50 women preferring day care centers while being on work. SPSS was used for analyzing the data. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and CES-D was used to calculate anxiety and depression levels respectively. Results: Mild to moderate depression and possibility of major depressive disorder along with moderate and severe anxiety is seen more in women leaving children at day care. Low and middle age, leaving kids at hand of maids, grandparents or day care or less educated family members, concerns regarding upbringing of children contribute to stress of working mothers. Our work shows that married women with their spouses develop more major depressive disorders and severe anxiety as compared to divorcees and widows. Nuclear and high-income families have more trend of leaving their children at day care. Conclusion: This study suggests that the women who leave their children at day care show increased rate of moderate and severe anxiety, mild to moderate depression and the possibility of major depressive disorders as compared to those leaving at home.

BACKGROUND:The patients of diabetic retinopathy are not aware of early retinal vascular dysfunction, which is a feature of diabetic retinopathy. AIM:This study aimed to detect the different patterns of diabetic retinopathy and distribution in different genders, at a tertiary care specialized center. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Consecutive patients attending the Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Center (DEMC) were consented and examined for a period of six months. Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes were used by an ophthalmologist for fundus examination .Grading of the retinopathy patterns was done by  International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ICDRDSS). The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. RESULTS: A total number of 250 patients were examined during the six months period of study. The frequency of diabetic retinopathy was more in females as compared to males. The incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was more in males as compared to females, and the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was same in both genders. Greater number of females had clinically significant macular edema and advance diabetic retinopathy was observed in only males. CONCLUSION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is common in our setup, with different genders having different prevalence of eye problems. A screening strategy system is needed to develop for the early detection and treatment of preventable cause of blindness in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus.

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Objective: To evaluate students’ perspectives on large group lectures with a scientific approach of instruction. Materials and methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Data collected over 4 months with single instructor. Total 300 participant’s response considered. Audience assessed the presentation according to given questionnaire, using likert scale and open comments. Data analyzed on SPSS v23. P value calculated using chi square. Results: In Cumulative Frequencies, (83%) participants agreed that presentation met expectations. Another (85%) approved that it was presented in a clear and organized manner. From these 240(80%) decided that pre-presentation administration was efficient. Total (47.67%) found scenario discussion most useful. Another (86.7%) decided presentation location appropriate. Total (88.7%) established that session was informative. Another (76.6%) agreed on time allocation. Total (94.67%) wanted similar presentations from other presenters. Another (86%) approved lecture pace. Total (87.7%) agreed to appropriateness of presenter response. Another (12.33%) suggested, to continue similar presentations in future. Conclusion: We can apply questionnaire on scientific approach to lectures like Gagne's model to ensure an effectual and organized learning. It gave a comprehensive view to the teaching.