Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is related to several extrapulmonary disorders; however, little is known about the skin disorders characteristics and prevalence. Objetive: Summarize and evaluate the skin disorders’ characteristics and prevalence reported in the literature. Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed, SciELO and ScienceDirect between 01/01/2020 to 09/28/2020. The target population was patients with skin disorder and a positive diagnosis for COVID-19. All observational studies, research letters, case series and case reports were selected. We evaluated observational studies using Random- effects models to calculate the weighted mean prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI). We evaluated the case studies using the chi-square test for dichotomous variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Results: Eighty-seven patients from case reports and six observational studies with 363 patients were selected. Eleven types of skin disorders in COVID-19 confirmed patients are described. Skin disorder weighted mean prevalence was 9.9% (95% CI: 3.7-24.1). Maculopapular rash was the most prevalent disorder (37.5%; 95% CI: 21-57%). Latency was significantly lower in patients over 60 years old (p=0.041). Conclusion: Each cutaneous manifestation has its particularities and may or may not accompany other signs and symptoms. It is possible for the elderly to have COVID-19- related skin disorders early.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in both women and female dogs. The lymphnode condition is one of the most important prognostic factors in both species. The main goals of this search are to determine the role of inguinal and axilary palpation preoperatively, to find the sentinel node detection rate using the blue dye technique and its role in predicting metastasis. Fifty female dogs havings mammary tumors were included in this study. The protocol included data collection, clinical examination, blood sampling and radiologic exams before surgery. Blue dye subcutaneous injection was performed just after anesthesia and ten minutes before skin incision. Mastectomy was performed according to the previously established hospital protocol. Eighty-six percent of dogs presented with malignant tumor. Lymph node palpation offered high accuracy, low sensitivity, high speficicity, low positive predictive value and high negative predictive value for metastasis detection. The inguinal sentinel lymph node was detected in 92.3% of the female dogs and the axillary sentinel lymph, in 78.9%. Twenty-five percent of all detected lymph nodes contained metastatic carcinoma. Sentinel node detection rate was high both inguinal and axilary, although sentinel metastasis were rare in both stations. The procedure did not cause any additional morbidity. Thus, the optimal protocol according to this study, is lymph node palpation and, in positive cases, the sentinel node biopsy using the blue dye technique.
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