SUMMARYHuman growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy has been widely available for clinical purposes for more than fifty years. Starting in 1958, hGH was obtained from cadaveric pituitaries, but in 1985 the association between hGH therapy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was reported. In the same year, the use of recombinant hGH (rhGH) was approved. Side effects of rhGH replacement therapy in children and adolescents include rash and pain at injection site, transient fever, prepubertal gynecomastia, arthralgia, edema, benign intracranial hypertension, insulin resistance, progression of scoliosis, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Since GH stimulates cell multiplication, development of neoplasms is a concern. We will review the side effects reported in all rhGH indications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(8):559-65 Keywords Growth hormone; side effects; gynecomastia; intracranial hypertension; scoliosis; pediatrics; short stature SUMáRio A terapia de reposição de hormônio de crescimento (hGH) tem sido amplamente disponível para uso clínico por mais de 50 anos. Inicialmente, em 1958, hGH era obtido de hipófises de cadáveres, mas em 1985 foi relatada a associação entre terapia com hGH e doença de Creutzfeldt--Jakob. No mesmo ano o uso de hGH recombinante (rhGH) foi aprovado. Os efeitos adversos que crianças e adolescentes em terapia de reposição de rhGH podem apresentar incluem erupção cutânea e dor no local da aplicação, febre transitória, ginecomastia pré-puberal, artralgia, edema, hipertensão intracraniana benigna, resistência insulínica, progressão de escoliose e epifisiólise da cabeça do fêmur. Como o GH estimula a multiplicação celular, o desenvolvimento de neoplasias é uma preocupação. Neste artigo, revisaremos os possíveis efeitos adversos do rhGH em cada uma de suas indicações clínicas. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(8):559-65 Descritores Hormônio do crescimento; efeitos adversos; ginecomastia; hipertensão intracraniana; escoliose; pediatria; baixa estatura review

Objective: Insulin resistance has a central role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. Adipose tissue is of capital importance in view of its production of adipokines. The present study aims to determine the association of metabolic syndrome components, which constitute risk factors for cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease, and leptin and adiponectin with insulin resistance in prepubertal children. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 197 children. Of these, 112 children were obese, 36 were overweight and 49 had normal weight. The association of sex, waist circumference, Acanthosis nigricans , age, BMI Z -score, serum lipids, leptin and adipocytokines with insulin resistance [defi ned as the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index higher than or equal to 2.5] was investigated using logistic regression. Results: There was positive association of sex (female), age, BMI Z-score, triglycerides and leptin with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Among the conventional components of metabolic syndrome, the role of BMI Z-score and triglycerides stands out in insulin resistance of prepubertal children. Sex (female), age and leptin also showed to be of major importance.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic condition afflicting nearly 1/15,000 live births. Clinical features include neonatal hypotonia, poor weight gain in early infancy followed by binge eating from childhood to adulthood, severe obesity, developmental delay, short stature, and hypogonadism of both central and peripheral etiology. Central hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency may occur. Sleep disordered breathing, by obstruction of upper airways associated with central hypoventilation, is a common feature. Most of these characteristics are assumed to be the result of a hypothalamic dysfunction. The most important complication and the most difficult to manage is the obesity. This review aims at discussing the most recent strategies to manage the endocrine complications of Prader-Willi syndrome patients, with a special approach on the treatment of obesity, hypogonadism, and short stature. We summarize the indication and effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on growth, cognitive development, and body composition, and discuss the effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on the resulting sleep disorders.