Mantle viscosity controls the pace of upper mantle dynamics, including rates for plate motions, subduction deformation, small-scale convection, and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) processes. In particular, upper mantle viscosity influences the rate of surface uplift and associated sea level change caused by GIA, which is the viscous response of the Earth to changes in ice mass. However, surface uplift rates measured by geodesy (e.g., GNSS) in places with modern-day ice sheets such as in Greenland and Antarctica additionally measure the instantaneous elastic response of the solid earth to modern-day deglaciation (e.g., Conrad & Hager, 1997;Mitrovica et al., 2001). Thus, regional patterns of ground uplift and relative sea level (RSL) change depend on both the

Mantle viscosity controls the pace of upper mantle dynamics, including rates for plate motions, subduction deformation, small-scale convection, and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) processes. In particular, upper mantle viscosity influences the rate of surface uplift and associated sea level change caused by GIA, which is the viscous response of the Earth to changes in ice mass. However, surface uplift rates measured by geodesy (e.g., GNSS) in places with modern-day ice sheets such as in Greenland and Antarctica additionally measure the instantaneous elastic response of the solid earth to modern-day deglaciation (e.g., Conrad & Hager, 1997;Mitrovica et al., 2001). Thus, regional patterns of ground uplift and relative sea level (RSL) change depend on both the

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