Both raw and composted poultry manure is applied as soil amendment. The aims of this study were: (1) to develop phytotoxicity indexes for organic wastes and composts, and (2) to assess the correlation among phytotoxicity indexes, ecotoxicological endpoints and stability and physicochemical parameters during passive composting of poultry manure. Six 2-m(3) composting piles were constructed and four parameter groups (physicochemical and microbiological parameters, ecotoxicological endpoints, and biological activity) were determined at four sampling times during 92days. Extracts were used to carry out acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus. Composting decreased average toxicity 22.8% for the 3 species and D. magna was the most sensitive species. The static respiration index decreased from 1.12 to 0.46mgO2gOMh(-1) whilst organic matter reduced by 64.1% at the end of the process. Escherichia coli colonies remained higher than values recommended by international guidelines. The D. magna immobilization test allowed the assessment of possible leachate or run-off toxicity. The new phytotoxicity indexes (RGIC0.8 and GIC80%), proposed in this study, as well as salinity, proved to be good maturity indicators. Hence, these phytotoxicity indexes could be implemented in monitoring strategies as useful ecotoxicological tools. Multivariate analyses demonstrated positive correlations between ecotoxicological endpoints (low toxicity) and biological activity (stability). These two parameter groups were associated at the final sampling time and showed negative correlations with several physicochemical parameters (organic and inorganic contents). The final poultry manure compost was rendered stable, but immature and, thus, unsuitable for soil amending.
Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar tres escenarios de usos del suelo posibles en el departamento de Anta, provincia de Salta, Argentina. Como metodología se utilizó la incorporación de una evaluación multicriterio, herramienta de la economía ecológica. Dicha herramienta es utilizada para incorporar criterios que involucran valoraciones ambientales y culturales, además de la valoración económica tradicional. Para poder lograr una evaluación multicriterio también se utilizó sistemas de información geográfica, lo cual permitió generar un escenario productivo actual, un escenario futuro que siguió las estrategias de desarrollo actuales, y otro escenario diversificado. Este último se diseñó modificando actividades ya existentes e incorporando nuevas actividades que buscan transformar las propias bases ideológicas del desarrollo. El resultado principal obtenido es que el mejor escenario posible es el diversificado, el cual propone nuevas prácticas de manejo y nuevas actividades que, además de generar ganancias monetarias, respeten los ciclos naturales y los diversos valores culturales. La conclusión de este trabajo es que para poder optar por este escenario es fundamental empezar a aplicar rigurosamente normativas ambientales y sociales, completar las exigencias en las áreas faltantes, y, a su vez, seguir proponiendo alternativas que involucren cambios más sustanciales. Palabras clave: evaluación; multicriterio; alternativas productivas; deforestación; conflictos sociales; tipos de valoración.
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