<p>Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) forced in the lower atmosphere are known to have a significant impact on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. In the ionosphere, they can generate Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (MSTIDs). These disturbances roughly occur on time scales of 15−80 min and are therefore often parametrized rather than directly resolved in ionosphere models. The energy and momentum transport by AGW-TIDs strongly depends on their wave parameters. Measurements of AGW-TIDs in the MLT region and determination of the wave parameters (vertical and horizontal wavelength, wave period and propagation direction) are therefore an essential step to improve ionosphere modelling. However, measurements that provide a good resolution in the vertical dimension (≲ 10 km) and time (≲ 10 min) as well as a large enough coverage in the horizontal dimension (≳ 300 × 300 km) are difficult at MLT altitudes. We show, that combined measurements of the EISCAT VHF incoherent scatter radar and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster allow to determine the wave parameters of AGW-TIDs across the whole MLT region. Fourier filter methods are used to separate wave modes by wavelength, period and propagation direction. The extracted wave modes are fitted with wave functions in time-altitude and horizontal cross sections which gives the wave parameters. The coverage regions of the two applied instruments are separated only by approximately 10 km in altitude, which allows to identify a single wave mode in both measurements. We present the developed techniques on the example of a strongly pronounced AGW-TID measured on July 7, 2020. As a first application, two measurement campaigns have been conducted in early September and mid-October 2022 to study possible changes in AGW-TID parameters due to the MLT fall transition occurring around equinox. Another possible application of our method is to infer thermospheric neutral winds from the observed waves. We demonstrate this process under the assumption of the anelastic dissipative gravity wave dispersion relation.</p>

A confinement database with mainly electron-heated hydrogen plasmas from ASDEX Upgrade and Wendelstein 7-X was assembled. Stellarator confinement scaling expressions describe both standard discharges in the stellarator and L-mode plasmas in the tokamak similarly well and indicate a similar quality of energy confinement in both devices. While the energy confinement time in ASDEX Upgrade benefits from the smaller aspect ratio of the device, the transport coefficients in Wendelstein 7-X appear to be smaller possibly due to reduced average magnetic field curvature. A physics based confinement scaling is derived from a model that successfully describes transport in tokamaks. The dimensionally correct scaling has very similar parameter dependencies as the stellarator scalings and reproduces also the trends in the data from ITER L- and H-mode databases reasonably well. On the basis of this scaling, which represents the confinement times of the present data base, average tokamak L-mode and H-mode confinement is 7% lower and 76% higher, respectively.

The ionospheric dynamo region marks the transition from a collision-dominated plasma below approximately 90 km to a nearly collisionless plasma above approximately 150 km. Across this transition region, ion/electron gyrofrequencies Ω i/e are of the same order as collision frequencies ν in/en . Therefore, Pedersen and Hall conductivities maximize at these altitudes. Pedersen and Hall currents perpendicular to the magnetic field close the global magnetospheric field-aligned current system. Dynamic processes in the transition region can be forced either from "above" (plasma convection, in situ absorption of solar irradiance, auroral precipitation, etc.) or from "below" (upward-propagating waves from the lower atmosphere). Determining the actual forcing of specific effects in the transition region will help understanding the complex solar-terrestrial coupling processes.One parameter to quantify the respective impact of atmospheric and solar effects are tidal neutral wind oscillations. The largest amplitudes can be expected for diurnal (24 hr period) and semidiurnal (12 hr period) variations. Upward-propagating atmospheric tides of both periods are mostly forced due to UV absorption by stratospheric ozone and infrared absorption by tropospheric water vapor. The classical tidal theory (Andrews et al., 1987;Lindzen, 1979;Oberheide et al., 2011) suggests the semidiurnal atmospheric tides to dominate at latitudes above approximately 45°. However, predominantly diurnal wind oscillation forced by EUV absorption at high altitudes

The ionospheric dynamo region marks the transition from a collision-dominated plasma below approximately 90 km to a nearly collisionless plasma above approximately 150 km. Across this transition region, ion/electron gyrofrequencies Ω i/e are of the same order as collision frequencies ν in/en . Therefore, Pedersen and Hall conductivities maximize at these altitudes. Pedersen and Hall currents perpendicular to the magnetic field close the global magnetospheric field-aligned current system. Dynamic processes in the transition region can be forced either from "above" (plasma convection, in situ absorption of solar irradiance, auroral precipitation, etc.) or from "below" (upward-propagating waves from the lower atmosphere). Determining the actual forcing of specific effects in the transition region will help understanding the complex solar-terrestrial coupling processes.One parameter to quantify the respective impact of atmospheric and solar effects are tidal neutral wind oscillations. The largest amplitudes can be expected for diurnal (24 hr period) and semidiurnal (12 hr period) variations. Upward-propagating atmospheric tides of both periods are mostly forced due to UV absorption by stratospheric ozone and infrared absorption by tropospheric water vapor. The classical tidal theory (Andrews et al., 1987;Lindzen, 1979;Oberheide et al., 2011) suggests the semidiurnal atmospheric tides to dominate at latitudes above approximately 45°. However, predominantly diurnal wind oscillation forced by EUV absorption at high altitudes