Using pulsed photoionization the coherent spin manipulation and echo formation of ensembles of NV -centers in diamond are detected electrically realizing contrasts of up to 17 %. The underlying spin-dependent ionization dynamics are investigated experimentally and compared to Monte-Carlo simulations. This allows the identification of the conditions optimizing contrast and sensitivity which compare favorably with respect to optical detection.The nitrogen vacancy center NV -in diamond is a promising candidate for quantum applications, since its coherence time at room temperature is in the range of ms [1] and its spin can be read out by optical fluorescence detection [2]. These features have enabled the use of NV -centers, e.g., as a quantum sensor for magnetic fields [3,4] and temperature [5] , for scanning-probe spin imaging [6] and structure determination of single biological molecules [7]. Despite its apparent simplicity, however, optical spin readout has drawbacks: it is highly inefficient, requiring several 100 repetitions for a single spin readout, and cumbersome to implement in many applications. Electric readout of spin in a suitable diamond semiconductor device appears as an attractive way to surmount these limitations. It could enable access to NV -centers in dense arrays, with a spacing limited by the few-nm-small feature size of electron beam lithography [8] rather than the optical wavelength. It might, moreover, provide a way to read out other spin defects [9-11], potentially including optically inactive ones.Two methods for electric readout of NV -centers have been demonstrated. The method in Ref. 12 uses nonradiative energy transfer to graphene and detects the spin signal in the current through the graphene sheet generated by this transfer. In contrast, the method presented in Ref. 13 uses the charge carriers generated directly in the diamond host crystal by photoionization of the NV -centers (photocurrent detection of magnetic resonance, PDMR). Both methods, however, have until now only been used with continuous wave (cw) spin manipulation and have therefore remained limited to NV -detection. Here we demonstrate a scheme based on both pulsed spin manipulation and pulsed photoionization to truely read out the spin state of NV -centers electrically after coherent control, using Rabi oscillations and echo experiments as examples. We employ this scheme to establish a quantitative model of photoionization, simulate the readout efficiency and predict, that under optimized conditions pulsed electric readout could outperform optical fluorescence detection.The spin-dependent photoionization cycle can be understood as an effective four-photon process, whose spin dependence relies on the NV -center's inter-system crossing (ISC) which is also key to the classic optical readout ( Fig. 1 a)) [13]. A first photon (green arrows) triggers shelving (black arrow) of NV -centers in spin state |2 (corresponding to the m S = ±1 spin quantum numbers of NV -) into the long-lived metastable singlet state |5 by this ISC. Si...
The nuclear spins of ionized donors in silicon have become an interesting quantum resource due to their very long coherence times. Their perfect isolation, however, comes at a price, since the absence of the donor electron makes the nuclear spin difficult to control. We demonstrate that the quadrupolar interaction allows us to effectively tune the nuclear magnetic resonance of ionized arsenic donors in silicon via strain and determine the two nonzero elements of the S tensor linking strain and electric field gradients in this material to S(11)=1.5×10(22) V/m2 and S(44)=6×10(22) V/m2. We find a stronger benefit of dynamical decoupling on the coherence properties of transitions subject to first-order quadrupole shifts than on those subject to only second-order shifts and discuss applications of quadrupole physics including mechanical driving of magnetic resonance, cooling of mechanical resonators, and strain-mediated spin coupling.
We present a broadband microwave setup for electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) based on microwave antennae with the ability to apply arbitrarily shaped pulses for the excitation of electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of spin ensembles. This setup uses non-resonant stripline structures for on-chip microwave delivery and is demonstrated to work in the frequency range from 4 MHz to 18 GHz. π pulse times of 50 ns and 70 μs for ESR and NMR transitions, respectively, are achieved with as little as 100 mW of microwave or radiofrequency power. The use of adiabatic pulses fully compensates for the microwave magnetic field inhomogeneity of the stripline antennae, as demonstrated with the help of BIR4 unitary rotation pulses driving the ESR transition of neutral phosphorus donors in silicon and the NMR transitions of ionized phosphorus donors as detected by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR).
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