Black phosphorus (BP) stands out among twodimensional (2D) semiconductors because of its high mobility and thickness dependent direct band gap. However, the quasiparticle band structure of ultrathin BP has remained inaccessible to experiment thus far. Here we use a recently developed laser-based microfocus angle resolved photoemission (μ-ARPES) system to establish the electronic structure of 2−9 layer BP from experiment. Our measurements unveil ladders of anisotropic, quantized subbands at energies that deviate from the scaling observed in conventional semiconductor quantum wells. We quantify the anisotropy of the effective masses and determine universal tight-binding parameters, which provide an accurate description of the electronic structure for all thicknesses.
Angle-resolved photoemission is a direct probe of the momentum-resolved electronic structure and proved influential in the study of bulk crystals with novel electronic properties. Thanks to recent technical advances, this technique can now be applied for the first time for the study of van der Waals heterostructures built by stacking two-dimensional crystals. In this article we will present the current state of the art in angleresolved photoemission measurements on two-dimensional materials and review this still young field. We will focus in particular on devices similar to those used in transport and optics experiments, including the latest developments on magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene and on the in-operando characterization of gate tunable devices.Résumé. La photoémission résolue en angle mesure directement la structure électronique des matériaux et s'est distinguée dans l'étude de cristaux volumiques avec de nouvelles propriétés électroniques. Grâce à des avancées techniques récentes, cette technique peut maintenant être utilisée pour étudier les hétérostructures de van der Waals construites en empilant des cristaux bidimensionnels. Dans cet article, nous présenterons l'état de l'art actuel pour la photoémission résolue en angle appliquée aux matériaux bidimensionnels, et nous dresserons un panorama de ce domaine encore jeune. Nous nous focaliserons en particulier sur des systèmes similaires à ceux utilisés pour des expériences de transport et d'optique, y compris la bicouche de graphène avec une orientation relative entre les couches proche de l'angle magique (magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene), et l'effet de la variation in-situ de tension dans les hétérostructures de van der Waals.
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