The objective of this study is to determine if distinct cognitive phenotypes could be identified in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy patients (n = 96) and healthy controls (n = 82) underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Adjusted (age, gender, and education) test scores for epilepsy subjects were grouped into cognitive domains (intelligence, language, visuoperception, immediate and delayed memory, executive function, and cognitive/psychomotor speed). Cluster analysis revealed three distinct cognitive profiles types: (1) minimally impaired (47% of subjects); (2) memory impaired (24%); and (3) memory, executive, and speed impaired (29%). The three cluster groups exhibited different patterns of results on demographic, clinical epilepsy, brain volumetrics, and cognitive course over a 4-year interval. The specific profile characteristics of the identified cognitive phenotypes are presented and their implications for the investigation of the neurobehavioral complications of epilepsy are discussed.

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This report shows that regular qigong practice could relieve depression, improve self-efficacy and personal well being among elderly persons with chronic physical illness and depression.

Findings provide support for the resilience model and suggests characteristics of resilience "buffer" the perceptions of stress on depressive symptoms. The resilience model may be useful to guide clinical interventions designed to improve the mental health of individuals with SCI.

The themes derived from this study can be used to help occupational rehabilitation professionals develop educational and marketing interventions to improve employers' attitudes toward hiring and retaining individuals with disabilities.