Background: Hepatitis B and C is a global health issue in developing countries because of multiple factors like lack of community health education, illiteracy and poverty. Aim: To find the frequency of Hepatitis B and C virus infection among patients who present in Surgical Emergency and to correlate risk factors for these infections. Study design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: Patients (n=200) were included in present study through non-probability, convenient sampling technique. It was conducted in Accident and Emergency Department, Jinnah Hospital Lahore, following approval from Hospital Ethical Committee from Jan 2018 to Jun 2018. Both male and female patients (12-65 yrs) who underwent emergency surgical procedures, were included while unwilling subjects as well as patients having other medical issues were excluded. Data analyzed by SPSS 21.0v. Results: Thirty four patients were found sero-positive for Anti-HCV Antibodies with prevalence rate of 17.0% and 9 patients (4.5%) were HBsAg positive. Among the sero-positive patients risk factors were IV injections, dental extraction, sharing of shaving razors, jaundice, history of previous surgical operations. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a declining attitude of HBV infection as compared to HCV. However, educational status of the patients was unsatisfactory. Hence, there is a need to educate the people regarding safety measures. Keywords: Viral infections, HBsAg, Risk Factors and Emergency Surgeries.

Aim: To compare the hospital stay of patients of appendicitis with conservative or surgical management in context of age and gender. Study design: Randomize Controlled Trial Methods: Purposive sampling technique was used. G power calculator was used to compute the total number of participants. Diagnosed appendix patients (n=100) with equal distribution of treatment conservative (n=50) and appendectomy (n=50) with age ranges of 16 years to 45 years (conservative group=31.26±9.13 and appendectomy group=29.32±7.96) were included. Patients with a final diagnosis of appendicitis presenting within 24 hours of onset were included in the study. While appendicular mass, perforated appendix, gangrenous appendix with signs of peritonitis, patients with chronic co-morbid conditions e.g. DM and patients with bleeding disorders, renal insufficiency, and liver problems were excluded from the study. Demographic form and MANTRELS Score (Alvarado, 1986) were used to collect data of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore by considering all the ethical issues. Total duration of this study was six months. Results: Significant difference (t =10.61: p<0.05) was found in term of hospital stay of patients in conservative group (3.02±0.82 days) and appendectomy group (1.58±0.50 days). Results were also significant on the scores of Alvarado and age. Conclusion: This study showed significant differences in both groups (appendicitis and conservative) in terms of hospital stay, age and gender. Keywords: Appendectomy, conservative treatment, hospital stay

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis refers to the reversible inflammatory process of pancreas. Various researches report that smoking and heavy alcohol consumption increase the risk of acute pancreatitis. Material and methods: This research, carried out at Department of Surgery in Mayo Hospital, Lahore, has a sample size of 294, sampling technique being non probability sampling. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Results: Alcoholism and smoking were found to be the risk factors for acute pancreatitis among people participating in this study. Discussion: Both smoking and alcoholism are risk factors for acute pancreatitis, this is supported by various researches done in the past. Strength of this study includes a large sample size as well as inclusion of both cases and controls. However, effect of smoking and alcoholism on outcome of these patients has not been studied in this research. Conclusion: Public health measures for awareness and timely management of the diagnosed cases can reduce the disease burden and disease severity. Key words: Alcoholism, cigarette smoking, acute pancreatitis.