The United States’ expected largest-ever climate mitigation investment, through 2022’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), relies heavily on subsidies. One major subsidy, the 45Q tax credit for carbon oxide sequestration, incentivizes emitters to maximize production and sequestration of carbon oxides, not abatement. Under IRA’s 45Q changes, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is expected to be profitable for coal- and natural gas-based electricity generator owners, particularly regulated utilities that earn a guaranteed rate of return on capital expenditures, despite being costlier than zero-carbon resources like wind or solar. This analysis explores investment decisions driven by profitability rather than system cost minimization, particularly where investments enhance existing assets with an incumbent workforce, existing supplier relationships, and internal knowledge-base. This analysis introduces a model and investigates six scenarios for lifespan extension and capacity factor changes to show that US CCS fossil power sector retrofits could demand $0.4-$3.6 trillion in 45Q tax credits to alter greenhouse gas emissions by -24% ($0.4 trillion) to +82% ($3.6 trillion) versus business-as-usual for affected generators. Particularly given long lead times, limited experience, and the potential for CCS projects to crowd or defer more effective alternatives, regulators should be extremely cautious about power sector CCS proposals.

The solubility characteristics of lignin present in acidhydrolyzed ligpocellulose were observed. Methanol was chosen as the most practical solvent for the separation and recovery of soluble lignin. Batch extraction experiments with methanol yielded lignin solutions of low concentration. The method of extraction, however, did not affect appreciably the nature of the lignin. Ninety-eight per cent of the lignin extracted was recovered by concentrating the extract to 25% lignin content and precipitating in 3 parts of water per part of concentrate. Ternary equilib-ARLIER work (1) indicated that rapid hydrolysis of wood, E carried out in a continuous process, yielded hydrolyzed lignocellulose containing a lignin fraction soluble in methanol. The amount of soluble lignin varicd with the conditions of hydrolysis and showed a considerable influence on the properties of the hydrolyzed product, particularly when utilized in plastics. Initial work indicated that this fraction was practically unaltered chemically from the composition of previously isolated lignins; since the method of production has little effect on the degree of polymerization, it was deemed desirable to develop a practicable method for the separation and recovery of this soluble lignin.There are few data in the literature on the solubility of lignin in various solvents, mainly because it is difficult to isolate a satisfactory material on which to base such data. There is also a lack of distribution data or methods of obtaining them for lignin between solvents and lignocellulosic materials. The present investigation was carried out to obtain fundamental information which would serve as a basis for the production of substantially carbohydrate-free lignin from hydrolyzed lignocellulose.All data reported were based on partially hydrolyzed lignocellulose made from maple sawdust by the continuous process (1). The sample numbers refer to pilot plant hydrolysis runs and bear no relation to the composition of the materials. I n general, the samples used for this work were hydrolyzcd to contain 50--6Oa/o total lignin. SOXHLET EXTRACTIONSSamples of lignocellulose 328 containing 55.0% total lignin were extracted with various boiling solvents a t atmospheric pressure in Soxhlet type apparatus. Complete extraction was shown by lack of color in the solvent after passing through. the extraction thimble. The amount of lignin extracted was determined by drying the thimble and contents a t 105" C. and finding the loss in weight, calculated on the basis of original lignocellulose and on the basis of total lignin content by the 72Oj, sulfuric acid method ( 3 ) . Data for the solvents tested are listed in Table I. Figure 1 is a bar graph of the data for the lower alcohols.Among the alcohols, the lower members are the best lignin solvents. The high values for normal and isobutyl alcohols are offset by signs of degradation of the lignin; the possibility is also indicated that the lignin-cellulose linkage itself is attacked to rium data were obtained for the system methanolmethanol...

In a study of the penetrability of gelatin by dyes added to blood serum, Bennhold5 found that it was impossible to use oxalated plasma because the calcium in the gelatin formed a precipitate of calcium oxalate which interfered with the experiments. Although this difficulty can be overcome by the use of ash-free or isoelectric gelatin,6 it seemed probable that the formation of a stabilized ring reaction might furnish a method for the

The United States’ expected largest-ever climate mitigation investment, through 2022’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), relies heavily on subsidies. One major subsidy, the 45Q tax credit for carbon oxide sequestration, incentivizes emitters to maximize production and sequestration of carbon oxides, not abatement. Under IRA’s 45Q changes, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is expected to be profitable for coal and natural gas-based electricity generator owners, particularly regulated utilities that earn a guaranteed rate of return on capital expenditures, despite being costlier than zero-carbon resources like wind or solar. This analysis explores investment decisions driven by profitability rather than system cost minimization, particularly where investments enhance existing assets with an incumbent workforce, existing supplier relationships, and internal knowledge-base. This analysis introduces a model and investigates six scenarios for lifespan extension and capacity factor changes to show that US CCS fossil power sector retrofits could demand $0.4-$3.6 trillion in 45Q tax credits to alter greenhouse gas emissions by -24% ($0.4 trillion) to +82% ($3.6 trillion) versus business-as-usual for affected generators. Particularly given long lead times, limited experience, and the potential for CCS projects to crowd or defer more effective alternatives, regulators should be extremely cautious about power sector CCS proposals.