Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vivo depends on lipid composition and on plasma antioxidant status. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between plasma lipid composition and LDL oxidation and, in particular, to explore whether LDL-cholesterol/triglycerides ratio (LDL-C/TG) and LDL-cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C) can be used as predictive parameters of LDL oxidation in vivo. In 87 volunteers over a wide range of age plasma lipids and LDL oxidation were studied. Blood was collected after 12 h overnight fast. LDL oxidation was estimated by the level of conjugated diene (BDC) in the lipid fraction isolated from plasma after gradient ultra-centrifugation. The results were expressed as micromol/l (BDC/l) to evaluate the level of oxidized LDL, and as nmol of BDC for mg of LDL-cholesterol (BDC/LDL-C) for the evaluation of LDL oxidation degree. BDC/l correlated significantly with age, total and LDL-C, apolipoprotein B and TG, while BDC/LDL-C negatively correlated with total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, LDL/TG and LDL/HDL ratios. Age of subjects significantly correlated with total and LDL-C and apolipoprotein B. TG have a significant inverse correlation with HDL-C. Our results support the hypothesis that among the several factors involved in LDL oxidation the most important determinants are LDL/TG. Plasma triglycerides appear to be very important even when circulating cholesterol levels are within normal limits. Moreover, we found that the LDL/HDL ratio is also very important with regard to the putative protective role of HDL against LDL oxidation in vivo. In conclusion, plasma lipid parameters must be evaluated not only for their absolute values but also for their mutual ratios as expression of plasma lipid homeostasis. Both LDL/TG and LDL/HDL ratios can be used as predictive parameters of in vivo LDL oxidation.

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) and their autoantibodies (OLAB) are involved in the development of atherosclerosis in animal models, but their role in humans is still not clear. For this reason we studied 54 patients with beta-thalassemia major (TM), as a model of chronically low circulating LDLs with a high level of oxidation; 44 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, as model of chronically high circulating LDLs; 24 type 2 diabetic mellitus patients (T2DM) before and after 3 months of atorvastatin treatment (20 mg/day), as a model of acute changes in circulating LDLs; and 41 normolipidemic subjects as a control group. ox-LDLs were measured by the determination of baseline diene concentration in the plasma LDL lipidic fraction after 12 hours fasting and were expressed as the amount of conjugated dienes/ liter (BDC/I) or BDC/LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), which indicate respectively LDL oxidation degree and status. OLAB were determined using an enzyme immunoassay and related to LDL oxidation degree (BDC/I). In TM, BDC/I was lower, while BDC/LDL-C was significantly higher, compared to both hypercholesterolemia and normolipidemic subjects. Patients with hypercholesterolemia had higher BDC/I, but lower BDC/LDL-C and OLAB/BDC-I, than normolipidemic subjects. In T2DM patients at diet, BDC/LDL-C and OLAB/BDC-I were lower than in normolipidemic subjects. After 3 months of atorvastatin treatment, BDC/ LDL-C and OLAB/BDC-I ratios increased. When all patients were evaluated together, a significant inverse correlation was evident between OLAB and either LDL or BDC/I. Our findings suggest that a relationship between OLAB titer and oxidation indices (BDC/I and BDC/LDL-C) does exist and we may speculate that an increase in OLAB/BDC-I ratio might be protective against the risk of atherosclerosis.

With Regulation EC 853/04, the European Parliament and the Council laid down general rules for food business operators regarding the hygiene of foodstuffs. In particular, the regulation established ≤1.500.000 cfu/mL as the maximum-tolerated value for total bacterial count in raw goat milk. Moreover, in order to enhance the hygiene of dairy farms, the Sardinia Region has funded the F measure programme which provides rewards for farmers showing improvements in herd management and animal welfare practices. This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw goat milk samples collected during the F measure enforcement. A total of 536 raw goat samples, collected from dairy farms in the Sardinian province of Nuoro and Ogliastra, were analised for total bacterial count at 30°C. Results showed that total bacterial count was ≤1.500.000 ufc/mL in 456 (85.1%) raw milk goat samples, most of them (80.2%) with a total bacterial contamination <500.000 cfu/mL. This study confirms the hygienic good quality of raw goat milk collected from Sardinian dairy farms.