Recent advances in basic science and clinical trials have demonstrated that IFNs and myeloid hematopoietins play crucial roles in host defense against pathogens and immune surveillance. Here we have reviewed the biologic functions of GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. For patients with neutropenia resulting from cytotoxic chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, congenital agranulocytosis and cyclic neutropenia, therapeutic uses of GM-CSF and G-CSF were reviewed. Application of these growth factors to patient management represents a major contribution of biotechnology to a difficult area of therapeutics in febrile, neutropenic patients. Because IFN-alpha plays crucial roles in antiviral responses, its clinical applications in hepatitis B and C, human papilloma virus, HIV infection and malignancy were discussed. The use of IFN-gamma in bacterial prophylaxis in patients with chronic granulomatous disease was also presented. Advances in clinical applications of IFNs and hematopoietic growth factors serve as a paradigm for further development to investigate the use of other important cytokines in modern therapeutics.

Parenchymal brain involvement from disseminated coccidioidomycosis occurs rarely and there are few documented pediatric cases. We report a four-month-old male infant with a cerebellar lesion seen in the brain on computed tomography (CT). Coccidioides immitis (C. immitis) grew on bronchoscopic fluid samples and serum titers to C. immitis were 1:1024. Antifungal treatment was initiated and after 3 months, CT scans demonstrated brain mass resolution and serum titers were decreased.

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