22abbreviatioNs EVD = external ventricular drain; ICP = intracranial pressure; VR = virtual reality. In this paper, the authors present a physical model developed to simulate accurate external ventricular drain (EVD) placement with realistic haptic and visual feedbacks to serve as a platform for complete procedural training. Insertion of an EVD via ventriculostomy is a common neurosurgical procedure used to monitor intracranial pressures and/or drain CSF. Currently, realistic training tools are scarce and mainly limited to virtual reality simulation systems. The use of 3D printing technology enables the development of realistic anatomical structures and customized design for physical simulators. In this study, the authors used the advantages of 3D printing to directly build the model geometry from stealth head CT scans and build a phantom brain mold based on 3D scans of a plastinated human brain. The resultant simulator provides realistic haptic feedback during a procedure, with visualization of catheter trajectory and fluid drainage. A multiinstitutional survey was also used to prove content validity of the simulator. With minor refinement, this simulator is expected to be a cost-effective tool for training neurosurgical residents in EVD placement.

Introduction: Tension pneumothorax and hemothorax are life-threatening conditions that can occur with chest trauma. Recognizing and treating them quickly is important for all medical specialists. To train pneumothorax decompression skills the Simone Airway Trainer is used in our center. When conducting a scenario that involved pneumothorax decompression we realized that: 1) the system of inflating the bags between the ribs and lungs (that simulate pleural cavity) is not so practical. To retrain the scenario we have to disassemble the manikin for inflating the bags. It takes quite much time and decrease realism of simulation; 2) with proper modification the manikin can be used for training in a hemothorax case.