This study can be considered as a contribution towards determining kernel properties which influence maize hardness measurement in relation to the end-use processing performance.

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Field experiments were set up from 2000 to 2002 in northwest Italy to determine the effects of sowing date on the susceptibility of maize hybrids to ear rot and mycotoxin contamination in natural infection conditions. Three sowing dates (March, April and May) were compared using two hybrids with different maturity classes. The ears were rated for the incidence and severity of disease symptoms at harvest and the harvested kernels were analysed for mycotoxin fumonisin B 1 , zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A. The last sowing date resulted in higher values of European corn borer incidence (+39%), kernel Fusarium infection and fungal ear rot severity (increased respectively by a factor of 4 and 3) than the plots sowed in March. The sowing date did not influence the type of mycotoxin found in the kernel, which only depended on the climatic conditions during the season and on their influence on the infection and the development of the fungal species. The natural occurrence of fumonisin B 1 and deoxynivalenol was always significantly higher in late-sowed plots. A late sowing, after May 10, multiplies the risk of the occurrence of fumonisins and deoxynivalenol in the grains at harvest by a factor of 11.2 and 1.9, respectively. No significant difference was observed for the contamination of zearalenone or aflatoxin B 1 for the different sowing dates. An earlier sowing time than April, resulted in a significant reduction in mycotoxin contamination only in the years in which the meteorological trend protracted the kernel dry down to the autumn months. The use of a late-maturity hybrid with late sowing, compared with a mediummaturity hybrid, could lead to a serious risk of mycotoxin contamination. To the authorsÕ knowledge, this is the first study to report on the effects of sowing time on maize kernel contamination of mycotoxins other than aflatoxins in non-inoculated conditions.