There are many concepts for buildings with integrated renewable energy systems that have received increased attention during the last few years. However, these concepts only strive to streamline building-level renewable energy solutions. In order to improve the flexibility of decentralized energy generation, individual buildings and energy systems should be able to interact with each other. The positive energy district (PED) concept highlights the importance of active interaction between energy generation systems, energy consumers and energy storage within a district. This paper strives to inform the public, decision makers and fellow researchers about the aspects that should be accounted for when planning and implementing different types of PEDs in different regions throughout the European Union. The renewable energy environment varies between different EU regions, in terms of the available renewable energy sources, energy storage potential, population, energy consumption behaviour, costs and regulations, which affect the design and operation of PEDs, and hence, no PED is like the other. This paper provides clear definitions for different types of PEDs, a survey of the renewable energy market circumstances in the EU and a detailed analysis of factors that play an essential role in the PED planning process.

At a global level, the need for energy efficiency and an increased share of renewable energy sources is evident, as is the crucial role of cities due to the rapid urbanization rate. As a consequence of this, the research work related to Positive Energy Districts (PED) has accelerated in recent years. A common shared definition, as well as technological approaches or methodological issues related to PEDs are still unclear in this development and a global scientific discussion is needed. The International Energy Agency’s Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (IEA EBC) Annex 83 is the main platform for this international scientific debate and research. This paper describes the challenges of PEDs and the issues that are open for discussions and how the Annex 83 is planned and organized to facilitate this and to actively steer the development of PEDs major leaps forward. The main topics of discussion in the PED context are the role and importance of definitions of PEDs, virtual and geographical boundaries in PEDs, the role of different stakeholders, evaluation approaches, and the learnings of realized PED projects.

Solar and wind energy are the significant renewable energy sources that can be used to tackle the climate change issue.The aim of the study is to design and compare different architectures of community-level energy systems, in order to find a positive energy community in cold climate. The design proposed is a centralized solar district heating network, which is integrated with renewable-based electricity network to meet the heating and electrical demand of a community of 100 houses. The renewable-based energy system consists of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and stationary electrical storage. In present study the demand of the building appliances, district heating network auxiliaries and electric vehicles are included. TRNSYS is used to simulate these systems. Lastly, multi-objective optimization is done using MOBO (Multi-objective optimization tool). The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize two objective functions-the imported electricity and the life cycle costs. The onsite energy fraction, matching and exported electricity are also evaluated for comparison. The optimization results illustrate that in terms of imported energy, the cases with 600 kW (200 wind turbines) and storages are better compared to the cases without the turbines and storage.For the high performing system (200 turbines with storages and 75 electric vehicles), the corresponding onsite energy fraction (OEF) varied from 1% to 97% and the onsite energy matching (OEM) varied from 76% to 62%, respectively, while the imported electricity can be reduced to 2 kWh/m 2 /yr. However without storage, the onsite energy fraction (OEF) varied from 1% to 58% and the onsite energy matching (OEM) varied from 90% to 27% respectively. In all the systems, initially investments are made in the wind turbines, storages and lastly in the photovoltaic panels to improve the performance of the optimized solutions. It is found that storages can improve the onsite fraction and matching. Moreover, photovoltaic becomes more important in the cases with higher number of electric vehicles.

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