We conducted laboratory incubation experiments with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs to test a number of hypotheses concerning the relative sensitivity of the incubating eggs to variations in silt (diameter < 0.063 mm) in interaction with sand (0.63 mm < diameter < 2 mm) fractions in the incubating gravels, as well as to different strengths of local hydraulic gradients pushing flow across the egg pocket. Our results show that variations of only a few percent of silt content can strongly degrade survival to emergence. Higher silt loadings (>0.5%) are detrimental to survival for all substrate mixtures, except those that are very sparse in sands (<5%). For sand contents over 10%, an increment of 1% silt has over three times the effect on survival as a 1% increment in sand. Increasing hydraulic gradients had a positive effect on median survival, but the effect depended both on the details of the fines composition and on the gradient level. Our results suggest that silt loadings over 1.5% in redds cannot easily be mitigated by stronger gradients. Our data conclusively show that there is no single threshold interstitial flow velocity that insures survival to emergence. Even when maintaining a constant interstitial velocity, survival tended to reduce in higher fines-content substrate.Résumé : Nous avons effectué en laboratoire une étude d'incubation d'oeufs de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) afin de tester la sensibilité relative des oeufs aux variations du pourcentage de limon (le diamètre < 0,063 mm) et de sable (0,63 mm < le diamètre < 2 mm) dans le substrat d'incubation, ainsi qu'aux variations du gradient hydraulique. Nos résultats indiquent que des variations très faibles du contenu en limon réduisent fortement la survie à l'émergence. Des contenus en limon élevés (>0,5 %) réduisent la survie pour tout les substrats étudiés, sauf ceux ayant de très faibles contenus en sable (<5 %). Lorsque le contenu en sable est supérieur à 10 %, une augmentation de 1 % des limons a un effet sur la survie plus de trois fois supérieur à une augmentation comparable de sable. L'augmentation du gradient hydraulique augmente la survie médiane mais l'ampleur de l'effet dépend de la composition exacte en sédiments fins et du gradient hydraulique. Nos résultats suggèrent que des teneurs en limons supérieurs à 1,5 % sont difficilement compensables par un gradient hydraulique élevé. Les données montrent aussi l'inexistence d'un seuil unique de vitesse d'écoulement interstitiel permettant d'assurer la survie des oeufs; même à vitesse intersticielle constante, la survie des oeufs tend à diminuer avec une augmentation du contenu en fines.Lapointe et al. 2277
We conducted a 2-year field experiment examining the survival to hatching of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in relation to the seasonal and spatial variations of silt and very fine sand (SVFS; <0.125 mm) content within a large set of artificial redds at two spawning sites of the Sainte-Marguerite River, Quebec, Canada. Each artificial redd consisted of an infiltration cube (30 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm) buried in a morpho-sedimentological unit resembling a salmon redd. One hundred fertilized Atlantic salmon eggs were inserted in a number of infiltration cubes during redd construction. The results indicate no significant relation between survival to hatching in spring and values of the sand index or total percent fine sediment <2 mm in redds at that time. However, the proportion of SVFS in the redds explained 83% of the variation in embryo survival, with a threshold at approximately 0.2% SVFS, above which survival dropped sharply below 50%. Infiltration of these very fine fractions mostly occurred under ice cover, during the low-flow winter period. However, during the spring flood period, infiltration-flushing patterns varied spatially and reflected spatial differences in local intensity of bed-load transport and fine sediment availability.Résumé : Une expérience de terrain de deux ans nous a permis d'examiner la survie jusqu'à l'éclosion de saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) en fonction des variations saisonnières et spatiales des quantités de limon et de sable très fin (SVFS, <0,125 mm) dans un important réseau de nids artificiels à deux sites de reproduction de la rivière SainteMarguerite, Québec, Canada. Chaque nid artificiel consiste en un cube d'infiltration (30 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm) enfoui dans une unité morpho-sédimentologique ressemblant à un nid de saumon. Nous avons introduit cent oeufs fécondés de saumon atlantique dans plusieurs des cubes d'infiltration durant la construction des nids. Nos résultats indiquent qu'il n'y a pas de relation significative entre la survie jusqu'à l'éclosion au printemps et les valeurs de l'indice de sable, ni avec le pourcentage total de sédiments fins <2 mm dans les nids à ce moment. Cependant, la proportion de limon et de SVFS dans les nids explique 83 % de la variation de la survie des embryons, avec un seuil d'environ 0,2 % de SVFS au-dessus duquel la survie tombe rapidement sous 50 %. L'infiltration de ces fractions très fines se fait surtout sous la glace durant la période d'étiage d'hiver. Cependant, durant la période de crue printanière, les patrons d'infiltration et de curage varient d'un endroit à l'autre en fonction des différences spatiales de l'intensité de la charge de fond transportée et de la disponibilité des sédiments fins.[Traduit par la Rédaction] Levasseur et al. 1459
This paper describes a flatbed antenna grid designed for continuous remote monitoring of fish tagged with 23 mm passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in a natural stream with extensive spatial coverage. A range of applications of the system is presented.
We investigated the distinct physical controls causing entombment and asphyxiation, the key mechanisms influencing salmonid egg-to-emergence (EtE) survival. Entombment occurs when sediment blocks the interstitial pathways (macropores) that larvae use to emerge from the streambed, while asphyxiation is related to low oxygen flux, which is a function of interstitial flow velocity. EtE survival has been related to substrate composition and flow velocity. However, in streambed sediments these variables are correlated, and few studies have examined the sensitivity of EtE survival to changes in velocity and oxygen flux at fixed substrate composition. EtE survival has not yet been directly related to the size and density of macropores. We incubated brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) embryos in artificial redds with different sediment compositions and hydraulic gradients to examine independently the effects of substrate composition, macropore geometry, and flow velocity on EtE survival, emergence timing, and fry condition. In situ measurements of macropore size were obtained using a computed tomography scanner. Despite high oxygen concentrations, we observed that entombment or blockage effects caused high embryo mortality in fines-rich substrates with few large macropores, and triggered early emergence of rare survivors. These outcomes could not be mitigated by increased flow velocity and oxygen flux to the egg pocket.
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