No abstract

OBJECTIVE To reinvestigate whether South Asian men in the UK are at lower risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer in a UK‐based retrospective cohort study and to examine possible reasons that may explain this. PATIENTS AND METHODS The catchment areas were predefined in four areas of southern England, and age‐ and race‐specific populations for those areas taken from census data. Cases were ascertained through review of multiple hospital sources, while race, other demographic factors, and medical history were determined using questionnaires sent to the men, hospital records review and death certificates. The South Asian group included men of Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin. RESULTS There was modest evidence of lower prostate cancer rates in South Asian men compared with their White neighbours (age‐adjusted rate ratio 0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.00). This difference did not reflect less use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing or differences in clinical features at presentation. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of a lower incidence of prostate cancer amongst South Asian men living in England, in comparison with their White counterparts. If anything, South Asian men presented with clinical features of earlier disease suggesting that the reduced risk is unlikely to be an artefact of poorer access to health care.

ResultsStudent feedback showed a significant improvement in satisfaction with flipped learning compared to standard lectures, both in scores and free-text feedback. Results of in-course assessments did not change between the two methods of delivery. ConclusionsFlipped learning can improve student satisfaction and engagement with teaching, but our study has not demonstrated an improvement in assessment scores.

No abstract

Introduction: The experience of a tertiary centre in the management of recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy by salvage cryotherapy is presented. Patients and Methods: Between February 2006 and August 2008, 19 patients underwent salvage cryotherapy for radiorecurrent prostate cancer. Post-radiotherapy recurrence was confirmed by prostatic biopsy. The ‘Phoenix definition’ was used to define biochemical failure after salvage cryotherapy. Results: The mean age at cryotherapy was 69.2 years and the mean time from radiotherapy to cryotherapy was 72.3 months. Patient characteristics prior to cryotherapy included a mean PSA level of 6.84 ng/ml and a median Gleason score of 7. The mean post-cryotherapy follow-up was 33.3 months. The 2-year biochemical disease-free survival rate was 58%. The median post-cryotherapy PSA nadir was 0.20 ng/ml (range 0.005–8.260). There were no procedure-related or cancer-related deaths. Complications included incontinence (10.5%), erectile dysfunction (89%) and fistula formation (5.3%). Conclusions: The relatively high rates of biochemical response support the use of cryotherapy as a salvage procedure for radiorecurrent prostate cancer.