The study aimed to explore the instructional and assessment challenges experienced by social science teachers in higher education institutions in the new normal, particularly in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in the Philippines. The study used the research and development (R&D) methodology and underwent three stages, namely the planning, design, and analysis stages. The researcher utilized one research instrument in the form of a survey checklist as a tool for gathering data for the study. The majority of respondents were young, with one to five years of teaching experience, and the number of years in service was a determinant of having designations. Teachers experienced instructional challenges due to the pandemic, such as the delivery of content and the use of technology. To address these challenges, schools need to improve their learning management system (LMS) and assess performance tasks. Assessment challenges include preparing assessment tasks and identifying assessment criteria. It is in the implementation and authenticity of assessment results that teachers find it difficult to decide on the final grade. Age is negatively correlated with instructional challenges, while age is positively correlated with difficulty in time management and adjusting to the demands of students with special needs. The number of years in service and academic rank are linked to difficulty finding activities that fit the student's level, while academic rank is associated with faster assessment forms. This research shows how important it is to give teachers the right training and opportunities for professional growth, as well as the technical infrastructure and support they need to use technology effectively for instructional delivery and assessment purposes.

A Church is an important social institution.  Historically, its significance in society has also been a face of controversies such as numerical and conceptual divisions. The Sociological Perspectives of   a Religion (such as of Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx) pointed out how religion, as a social institution, is very crucial in its role in the society as it gives meaning and purpose to life, reinforces and promotes social inequality, and focuses on ways individuals interpret religious experiences. Using the case study design, the study aims to determine and analyze the causes and effects of Pentecostal Churches in the Philippines specifically in Luna, Apayao. Participants in the study were chosen purposively using the unique selected sampling technique. The interview, documentation, and documentary materials were the primary tools used in gathering the needed data. Results revealed that the causes of divisions in Pentecostal-Evangelical Churches were due to financial, spiritual (doctrine), and personal matters. It was also found out, as the effect of these divisions, that society perceived it in two ways: generally good for the spread of churches and generally bad for the disunity it brought in the society. Church leaders and followers generally described this social situation as challenging to all social institutions. Results of this study could serve as a basis for developing relations between churches themselves and other social institutions in which it is to address church divisions for the sake of our society.