Background As in many countries worldwide, due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, higher institutions in Nigeria closed in March 2020 and only began reopening in October of the same year. As a result of the lockdown, some higher institutions had to quickly move from the traditional face-to-face teaching method to virtual learning. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on education in Nigeria and also provide recommendations that may be useful in developing remote teaching contingency strategies. Five-point Likert-scale questionnaire targeting students and teachers separately was designed to get feedbacks from both students and teachers on their experiences, issues and successes. The questionnaires were divided into five categories: virtual classrooms, course learning outcomes, alternative method of assessment, impact of online teaching and satisfaction. Results A total of 703 students and 60 teachers from five different local universities participated in this study. All participants (> 50%) had difficulties with Internet connection. Students (67%) as well as teachers (59%) agree that they had limited interactions with one another and this negatively influence student’s satisfaction (p < 0.01). While students were split on the most appropriate method of assessment, teachers (63%) believe assignments and oral examinations are more suitable for online teaching. Many teachers (66%) admitted that it was difficult assessing students’ abilities and performance. Some students (> 40%) were concerned about the number of assignments given. Most teachers (84%) believe there is an increase in tendency for examination malpractice when assessment was conducted virtually. Students had significantly (p < 0.05) higher marks in all courses during online assessment compared to previous session involving face-to-face teaching. About 83% of teachers admitted it was difficult explaining complex scientific concepts. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, we provided recommendations to help educational institutions in Nigeria develop remote teaching contingency strategies.

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Currently, there appears to be a downward trend in the efficacy of ACT in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa because some patients have been positive for Plasmodium parasite 3 days after artemether-lumefantrine treatment. We reported three cases of possible parasite resistance to artemether-lumefantrine therapy. All subjects had complete parasite clearance when treated with other antimalarial drugs. This observation necessitates the urgent need to re-evaluate artemetherlumefantrine medication in Nigeria since it is one of the most commonly used ACT drug.

Tetrorchidium didymostemon is widely used by traditional medicine practitioners to manage and treat several diseases. Despite its known ethnomedicinal uses, there are no scientific studies on the toxic effects of this plant. This study was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of methanol extracts Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaves through sub-acute oral administration in rats. Twenty four (24) male albino rats (Wistar strain) of average weight 150 AE 20 g were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 was the control while groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight of the plant extracts respectively for 14 consecutively days. The extract did not induce any treatment related changes in body weight, organ/body weight ratio, biochemical parameters (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea), oxidative stress indices (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) and histopathology (liver and kidney) of the treated groups when compared to the control. However, at 600 mg/kg body weight dose, the extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin level, packed cell volume and the expression of albumin gene of rats. Similarly, at 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight, the extract also caused a nonsignificant (p > 0.05) decrease in red blood cell count. Furthermore, the extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight induced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor -alpha and kidney injury molecule -1 (KIM-1) genes. Catalase gene expression especially in the kidney was up-regulated in the groups administered the extract. Our study suggests that oral administration of T. didymostemon leaves extract is relatively safe. However, there is need for caution due to the observed changes in hematological profile, upregulation of KIM-1 genes as well as down regulation of albumin gene.

The seeds of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (sweet orange) are waste products usually discarded. They may however contain phytochemicals that have potent bioactivities. In this study, the phenolic content, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of oil and non-oil (solid) extracts of C. sinensis seeds were evaluated using standard protocols. The seed oil contained significantly ( P >0.05) higher contents of total phenol and total flavonoid when compared to the solid extract. However, the non-oil extract contained significantly ( P <0.05) higher tannin contents than the seed oil. Ferric reducing antioxidant potential was not significantly different between both extracts. The antimicrobial activities of both extracts revealed that the seed oil possesses better antibacterial activities compared to the non-oil extract. The antifungal test revealed that the seed oil significantly inhibited the growth of Candida albicans (20 mm zone of inhibition at a concentration of 200 μg/mL), however, it did not inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillum sp. The minimum inhibitory concentration values against the bacterial and fungal strains were similar for both extracts in the range of 50∼100 μg/mL. Minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values ranged from 100∼200 μg/mL for both extracts. The results in this study indicate that C. sinensis seed oil and non-oil extracts possess antioxidant, and antibacterial and antifungal properties that may be differentially exploited in the development of antimicrobial agents.

One of the hallmarks of malaria infection is oxidative stress. This study was aimed at investigating the potential effects of coadministering a therapeutic dose of artesunate–amodiaquine (AS/AQ) with Vitamin C (Vit C) orally on some biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in bone marrow cells of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Thirty male Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups of six mice each as follows: Basal control (not infected with P. berghei), Untreated (P. berghei-infected without treatment), Vit C, AS/AQ and AS/AQ + Vit C combination treated mice. Treatment was done twice daily for three consecutive days. Complete parasite clearance was observed on the second day of treatment in AS/AQ and AS/AQ + Vit C combination treated P. berghei-infected mice. Serum albumin and bilirubin levels were higher in the AS/AQ + Vit C combination treated P. berghei-infected mice compared with those treated with AS/AQ only. Artesunate–amodiaquine + Vit C combination increased superoxide dismutase activity and reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels in P. berghei-infected mice when compared with the mice treated with only AS/AQ. Furthermore, AS/AQ + Vit C combination significantly up-regulated catalase and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) mRNA expression compared with the mice treated with only AS/AQ. This is the first report linking AS/AQ to antioxidant enzyme gene expression in bone marrow cells. Our findings showed that AS/AQ and Vit C coadministration may be beneficial as it ameliorated oxidative stress and up-regulated antioxidant enzyme gene expression in P. berghei-infected mice.