The problem of climate change in Africa has the potential of undermining sustainable development efforts if steps are not taken to respond to its adverse consequences. This study reviews existing and available literature on farmers' perceptions and adaptations to climate change in sub-Sahara Africa.It is evident that the majority of farmers in sub-Sahara Africa are aware of warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. To respond to these changes, farmers have adopted crop diversification, planting different crop varieties, changing planting and harvesting dates to correspond to the changing pattern of precipitation, irrigation, planting tree crops,water and soil conservation techniques, and switching to non-farm income activities. Years of farming experience, household size, years of education, access to credit facilities, access to extension services and off-farm income are among the signicant determinants of adopting climate change adaptation measures.To enable sub-Sahara African farmers to develop more effective climate change adaptationstrategies,there is the need for African governments to support farmers by providing the necessary resources such as credit, information and extension workers to train farmers on climate change adaptation strategies and technologies, and investing in climate resilient projects like, improving on existing or building new water infrastructure and building climate change monitoring and reporting stations.

This paper investigates the household and individual characteristics that influence the demand and supply of informal credit in Uganda, which credit is important for improving the welfare of the poor. Informal credit demand is positively and significantly influenced by age, sex, education level, dependency ratio, household expenditure, and regional location. On the supply side, informal lenders' credit rationing behaviour is negatively and significantly influenced by age, sex, asset values, and regional location. Government policies should focus on increasing both the productive capacity and wealth of households in order to enhance the poor's creditworthiness and make them less susceptible to credit rationing by lenders.

The present study investigated informal financial markets in Gaborone, Botswana, with specific focus on the terms and conditions for informal credit, its main uses and the target clientele. The study used primary data, and analytical techniques that included descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The results show that informal lenders give short-term consumption loans consisting of small amounts, charge very high interest rates, use innovative collateral substitutes such as automatic teller machine (ATM) cards plus personal identification numbers (PINs) and valuable household assets as security, and target mainly the non-poor. The paper makes three policy recommendations: an appropriate regulatory framework for the informal financial sector should be developed, interest rates and other charges should be systematically disclosed so as to encourage competition and reduce the high interest rates, and there should be legislation against the use of ATMs and PINs as security.Informal financial markets, Botswana,

This study investigated the individual and household characteristics that influenced credit market access in Uganda using household data for 1999/2000. The results suggest that credit market access was significantly influenced by gender, household wealth, age, regional location, and urban/rural location. JEL: G100