and Kerpel-Fronius S ( ) The continuation of clinical trials in times of war: A need to develop ethics and situationally adaptive clinical research guidelines.

This paper discusses the effects of armed conflict, economic sanctions, and natural catastrophes on ongoing clinical trials. We suggest that• stopping the accrual of new patients in clinical trials under such extreme conditions is acceptable.• research participants already receiving trial medication in such disruptive situations are to be considered highly vulnerable due to their medical dependency for ongoing treatment according to the approved clinical study protocol.• based on the present experience in Ukraine and Russia, we conclude that finishing ongoing trial treatments according to approved or amended protocols should be considered to be an ethical obligation of trial sponsors irrespective whether trial disruption is due to war, economic sanctions, or natural catastrophes.• it is important to devote more attention to the ethical challenges raised by such fundamentally disruptive situations to clinical trials generally in any region of the world.

Advances in genomic research have significantly enhanced modern drug development. However, equitable benefit sharing of the results of scientific advancement has not always been achieved. This paper shows how molecular biology has modified medicines development while also leaving open significant challenges for benefit sharing. Presented here is a conceptual modeling describing the processes in genetic-related medicines development and how these are related to specific ethical considerations. The focus is on three important areas: 1) population genetics and the need for discrimination prevention; 2) pharmacogenomics and the need for inclusive governance; and 3) global health to be achieved in open science frameworks. Benefit sharing is taken as the ethical value that underlies all these aspects. The implementation of benefit sharing requires a value shift in which the outcomes of health science are not viewed simply as trade commodities but also as a “global public good”. This approach should lead to genetic science to contribute to promoting the fundamental human right to health to all members of the global community.