The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism (HS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)--subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS (an affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

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Three studies examined women's reactions to ostensibly protective restrictions. In Study 1, only benevolently sexist women accepted a protectively justified (hypothetical) prohibition against driving on a long trip, but only when imposed by a husband (not a coworker). In Study 2, when women's actual romantic partners opposed their participation in a practicum counseling dangerous men, most reacted positively to a personalized protective justification ("I am concerned for your safety"), but only benevolently sexist women reacted positively when no justification was given. In Study 3, only benevolently sexist women accepted an explicitly group-based protective justification ("It is not safe for any woman") for a partner's imagined opposition to an internship that involved interviewing criminals. By fusing benevolence with dominance, protective paternalism can lead women (especially those who are high on benevolent sexism) to accept restrictions.

The existence of domestic violence is closely linked to several ideological factors that include sexism and other beliefs about society in general, namely the belief in a just world. In this study, which involved 485 people of both sexes aged between 18 and 70 years, we analyzed the influence of these ideological variables of the perceivers and characteristics of the situation on judgments of a gender aggression – blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator. Results showed differences in the reactions of observers depending on the cause that triggered the aggression. Participants blamed the victim and exonerated the aggressor more when no cause of the aggression was mentioned than when a cause was mentioned (the woman wanted to separate, to see an old male friend, or simply to take a trip with her female friends). We also found clear effects of hostile sexism and just world beliefs on the dependent variables. Results showed that the influence of just world beliefs depended on the fact of mention or not a cause for the aggression.

Resumen. La violencia de género representa uno de los problemas más importantes a los que se enfrenta la sociedad actual. Esta realidad ha propiciado la aprobación y desarrollo de importantes cambios legislativos y de intervención más acordes con la especificad de este tipo de delitos. Dado el progresivo incremento de hombres que son condenados por delito de violencia de género y teniendo en cuenta las características generales de los mismos, en la mayoría de los casos se trata de delincuentes primarios y completamente normalizados, la respuesta penal nos ofrece una oportunidad para intervenir con este tipo de población. Una de las medidas más novedosas impuestas por los jueces para este tipo de hechos es la suspensión de la ejecución de las condenas privativas de libertad, por delito de maltrato, a cambio de la realización de programas psicológicos específicos de violencia de género, siempre y cuando se cumplan las condiciones que la ley establece. El artículo describe la experiencia en la aplicación de un programa de intervención psicosocial con perspectiva de género, con un grupo de hombres condenados por delito de maltrato y en situación de suspensión condicionada de condena. Se analiza el perfil sociodemográfico de la muestra y se emplea para la evaluación del programa, pruebas específicas relacionadas fundamentalmente con la ideología de género, así como con aquellas creencias relacionadas con las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres en el ámbito de la pareja y las actitudes hacia la violencia de género. De los resultados obtenidos con esta experiencia se desprende la necesidad de mantener y potenciar la intervención con hombres maltratadores como forma de prevención de nuevos episodios de violencia de género sobre las mismas ó futuras mujeres víctimas de este tipo de violencia. Palabras clave: violencia, género, condena, intervención, maltrato.Abstract. Gender violence is one of the major issues that society faces. During the last few years, important legislative and interventional changes have been carried out, in order to adapt to with the specific nature of this type of crime. Because of the increase in the number of men that have been convicted of gender violence, and taking into account their general characteristics (in most of the cases it is their first crime), penal law offers an opportunity for intervention. One of the most novel measures imposed by the judges for these types of crimes is that, instead of giving jail sentences, they sentence the offenders to attend psychological treatment programs that deal with gender violence. This paper describes the experience with the application of a psycho-social intervention program with a gender perspective. We analyze the sample's sociodemographic profile, and, in order to evaluate the program, we also use scales that measure gender ideology, beliefs about intimate relationships, and attitudes towards gender violence. Results showed that it is important to support and promote the intervention with this type of offender as a way to prevent new episodes of g...