Land use and land use change are among the main drivers of the ongoing loss of biodiversity at a global-scale. Although there are already Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods to measure this impact, they are still rarely used by companies and municipalities in the life cycle assessment of products and processes. Therefore, this paper highlights four main requirements for a biodiversity methodological framework within LCIA in order to facilitate biodiversity assessments: first, to consider the global uneven distribution of biodiversity and its risks with respect to vulnerability and irreplaceability; second, to account for the need to regionalize the impacts of land use; third, to consider the specific impacts that different land use types have on biodiversity; and fourth, to analyze the biodiversity impacts of different land use management parameters and their influence on the intensity of land use. To this end, we provided a review of existing methods in respect to conformity and research gaps. The present publication describes the development of a new methodological framework that builds on these requirements in a three-level hierarchical framework, which enables the assessment of biodiversity in LCA at a global-scale. This publication reveals research gaps regarding the inclusion of proactive and reactive conservation concepts as well as methods of land management into LCIA methodology. The main objective of this concept paper is therefore to describe a new methodological framework for the assessment of biodiversity in the LCA that could fill some of the research gaps, including compilation and suggestion of suitable data sets. The conclusion discusses both the benefits and limitations of this framework.
Resumen: En este trabajo se presentan experiencias docentes y reflexiones sobre cómo realizar la enseñanza de la bioética de modo que cumpla con tres objetivos y a la vez retos para el docente: entregar conocimientos desde una visión interdisciplinar sobre un ámbito cada vez más amplio y complejo de temas; modificar actitudes y comportamientos e incidir en la relación profesional de la salud-paciente y en el cambio de los modelos de asistencia en salud, y trasmitir los valores éticos más apropiados y necesarios para los profesionales de la salud y para la sociedad en general. También se aborda qué valores comunicar a los alumnos y cómo realizarlo, así como el modo de evaluar en esta disciplina.Palabras clave: bioética, educación en valores, educación médica TEACHING BIOETHICS: HOW TO TRANSMIT KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND VALUESAbstract: This work presents teaching experiences and reflections about how to teach bioethics in a manner that will fulfill three goals, and, at the same time, the challenges for the teacher: to offer knowledge from an interdisciplinary view about a scope of subjects becoming every day wider and more complex; to modify attitudes and behaviours and to influence on the health-patient professional relationship and on the models' change in health care. The third goal consists on how to transmit the most appropriate ethic values for the health care professionals and for society in general. It also undertakes which values to communicate to students and how to carry it out, as well as how to evaluate in this discipline. Key words: bioethics, values' teaching, medical education ENSINAR BIOÉTICA; COMO TRANSMITIR CONHECIMENTOS, ATITUDES E VALORESResumo: Neste trabalho são apresentadas as experiências docentes e reflexões sobre como realizar o ensino da bioética de modo que cumpra com três objetivos, que são desafios desafios para o docente: transmitir conhecimentos a partir de uma visão interdisciplinar num âmbito cada vez mais amplo e complexo de temas; modificar atitudes e comportamentos e incidir na relação profissional da saúde-paciente e na mudança dos modelos de assistência em saúde. Além disso transmitir os valores éticos mais apropriados e necessários para os profissionais da saúde e para a sociedade em geral. Também se aborda que valores comunicar aos alunos e como fazê-lo, bem como o modo de avaliar esta disciplina.Palavras chave: bioética, educação em valores, educação médica.
En este artículo se presentan el proceso y los resultados de una investigación internacional cuyos objetivos son validar y, en su caso, elaborar un modelo de mejora de la eficacia escolar adecuado a las características sociales y educativas de Iberoamérica. Para ello, se desarrollaron tres estudios simultáneos con diferentes aproximaciones metodológicas: en primer lugar, se realizó un estudio comparado para verificar la pertinencia de los factores del contexto del sistema educativo. En segundo lugar, se revisaron las investigaciones sobre eficacia escolar realizadas en Iberoamérica con la finalidad de validar los factores intermedios de mejora; y, por último, se analizó la adecuación de los componentes del modelo a través de la opinión de investigadores sobre cambio escolar, inspectores educativos y directivos de centros escolares implicados en procesos de mejora en cada país. Como resultado final se propone un modelo de mejora de la eficacia escolar para Iberoamérica.
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