In rats, the frequency of spontaneous C-cell tumours is very high and is both age and gender dependent. The three specific stages of neoplastic progression can be distinguished into diffuse C-cell hyperplasia, focal C-cell hyperplasia and bona fide C-cell tumours. Based on this hypothetical model of human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), we carried out an immunohistochemical study using different markers (calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin and chromogranin) to verify the existence of any relationship between their expression and the successive steps of tumour development. We found a characteristic immunohistochemical staining pattern, particularly for calcitonin and somatostatin, which distinguishes C-cell tumours from both normal and hyperplastic C cells, with no differences related to the gender of the animals under study. Specifically, a considerable heterogeneity in calcitonin expression was only displayed by C-cell carcinomas, being less pronounced in C-cell adenomas. As for somatostatin, this regulatory peptide was found only in a minority of calcitonin-positive cells in normal and hyperplastic glands. However, in some C-cell adenomas and most C-cell carcinomas nearly all calcitonin-positive cells also coexpressed somatostatin. We conclude that rat C-cell neoplasms constitute a very particular tumour entity which shares many but not all immunohistochemical features with human MTC.
El gap de conocimiento sobre el proceso de innovación en regiones económica y tecnológicamente menos desarrolladas o periféricas ha perjudicado el impacto económico esperado de las medidas de fomento innovador en estas regiones. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es caracterizar a la empresa innovadora respecto a la empresa que no innova en Andalucía, una importante región española y una de las principales regiones periféricas de la Unión Europea. Para el trabajo empírico se ha utilizado una encuesta realizada a 430 empresas andaluzas de cuatro sectores productivos, tecnológicos y no tecnológicos, distinguiendo entre la innovación en productos y la innovación en procesos. El análisis de la tipología revela rasgos comunes asociados al tipo de innovación. Así, la organización que innova en productos se caracteriza por el desarrollo de una capacidad innovadora donde las fuentes de conocimiento interno predominan sobre las fuentes externas. Por su parte, la organización que innova en procesos fundamenta su capacidad innovadora en el conocimiento interno y en ciertas fuentes externas.
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