Meritocracy is understood as a system of distribution based on individual effort and talent. It has been widely questioned for its role in legitimizing social inequalities, given that it would lead to attributing personal success or failure to individual factors over social determinants. This research focuses on how some notions of meritocracy are learned during the school stage, considering the possible influence of socializing agents such as the family and the school. Using data from students and their families in 3 regions of Chile (N= 1,635 students from 64 schools), we analyze the extent to which parents' meritocratic perceptions are associated with their children, as well as the influence of the school experience of justice on grades. The results partially demonstrate that meritocratic perceptions are transmitted intergenerationally. Nevertheless, we find little evidence that this relationship is affected by the experience of distributive justice at school.
Economic and social inequalities have generated growing concerns and crises across contemporary societies. One of the mechanisms proposed by social sciences to explain the persistence of inequality is the belief in meritocracy, which would legitimize economic disparities based on differences in effort and talent. Despite its wide use as a concept, empirical research on meritocracy is relatively novel and characterized by diverse conceptualizations and measures that make the findings and their interpretation rather inconsistent. Most of the studies in the area have relied upon secondary data to operationalize meritocracy, with a wide variation in the use and interpretation of the same survey items. Taking into account the extant literature that uses measures of meritocracy, this article identifies a series of drawbacks and inconsistencies within and between studies regarding the conceptualization and operationalization of meritocracy beliefs. Based on this critical analysis, we propose a conceptual framework for measuring perceptions and preferences for meritocracy and non-meritocracy, which is then tested through confirmatory analysis using ISSP (International Social Survey Programme) data as well as a novel scale designed with this purpose (N=2,141). Our results support the conceptual framework and its operationalizarion, although with a better fit for the proposed scale than for the ISSP survey. Our discussion highlights the importance of considering different dimensions in order to advance in the study of meritocracy.
La opinión pública y las preferencias redistributivas de los ciudadanos han ganado una renovada atención en el estudio de reformas institucionales. Ellas aparecen como un termométro social que indica la temperatura de la sociedad respecto de la temática de la desigualdad y la demanda ciudadana por bienestar (Soroka & Wlezien, 2009). Junto a ello, la opinión pública también juega el rol de un actor que puede tanto promover como bloquear cambios a las reglas del juego en una sociedad (Jensen & Naumann, 2016; Pierson, 1996 ). Junto a las preferencias redistributivas, otro ámbito de estudio relacionado con las actitudes hacia la desigualdad es el de la meritocracia. El concepto de meritocracia se utiliza para caracterizar contextos en los cuales los beneficios y recompensas se distribuyen de acuerdo a esfuerzo y talento individual (Young, 1961). Esta idea ha sido asociada a procesos de legitimación de desigualdad, ya que en sociedades modernas las diferencias de estatus encontrarían (al menos en parte) justificación en los méritos individuales (Hadjar, 2008). El objetivo del presente texto es documentar la evolución reciente de las preferencias redistributivas de la ciudadanía en Chile. Junto a ello, también presentamos evidencia sobre actitudes respecto de la meritocracia, en tanto principio legitimador de diferencias en las sociedades actuales. Para ello, analizamos datos agregados y encuestas de opinión pública que representan la información de mejor calidad existentes en el país en términos de representatividad de la población y comparación internacional. Los análisis que presentamos pretenden aportar elementos para la discusión sobre las demandas sociales en el Chile actual desde el punto de vista de la opinión pública. Además, discutimos algunas señales de la opinión pública que indican algunos caminos que podrían servir para satisfacer la demanda por redistribución en la ciudadanía.
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