Spam is the massive sending of messages over the Internet. This activity is carried out mainly for commercial and marketing purposes and causes a series of harm and conflicts of great relevance in the digital world. It is the responsibility of the Law to regulate this activity and protect the rights of the citizens. The objective of this article is to study this phenomenon, starting from its origin, establishing a clear definition, pointing out the most relevant types that have the greatest impact, and addressing the legal problems that derive from it. Through the analysis of documentary sources such as scientific articles, legislation, and practical guides related to spam, the different aspects of the legal systems of the most relevant countries have been reviewed to evaluate a single legal model that would allow facing the problem. Accordingly, a series of proposals and recommendations can be extracted to aim at a legal harmonization that is more adequate and more effective for the regulation of spam, as well as to point out the legal aspects at the international level that need to be improved.
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La evolución tecnológica ha dado lugar a la generalización del uso de videocámaras en espacios públicos. Este artículo revisa las implicaciones jurídicas que tienen las actividades de videovigilancia en estos lugares por parte de las fuerzas y los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado español. Estas autoridades deben actuar conforme a su deber de respeto a los principios de proporcionalidad e idoneidad, pero teniendo en cuenta el derecho a la seguridad ciudadana, que ampara el uso de estos medios tecnológicos, aunque supongan una intromisión en el derecho a la intimidad. Se centra la investigación en el posible empleo de dichas imágenes captadas por videocámaras instaladas por fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad del Estado español como prueba en el proceso penal, habida cuenta de la falta de desarrollo normativo contenido al respecto en la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal española. El objetivo es determinar el valor probatorio de dichas imágenes y la legitimidad del uso procesal de ellas, analizando a estos efectos si otras normas del ordenamiento español atribuyen a estas grabaciones un carácter suficientemente garantista, de forma que puedan suplir la ausencia de regulación referida en la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal, así como la postura de los tribunales sobre esta cuestión.
With the emergence of the Internet, the exercise of freedom of opinion and information expanded to infinity, as well as the possibility of endless infractions and offenses derived from the unlimited use of freedom of speech. Given these circumstances, a proper delimitation is necessary between the use of freedom of speech on the Internet and the conflicts that occur. However, the legislator sometimes offers contradictory and ineffective solutions because they do not adapt clearly to this new social phenomenon. The current legislation will have to deal with major challenges especially related to the issue of attribution of responsibility for content dumping into the network, protection of minors and regulation of participation systems. It is also clear that in several current legislations, freedom of speech is a right that has been eroded since the emergence of the Internet. However, because of their international character and cultural differences between countries, such guidelines should not be uniform. 1. The impact of the Internet on Public Authorities has been so great that European and Spanish Legislation have used it as a way to articulate the transparency required as principle of the proper functioning of the public service. 2. Websites dedicated to newspapers or articles.
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