It is usually considered that Protected Areas (PAs) are an efficient tool for policies to conserve biodiversity. However, there is evidence that some pressures and threats arise from processes taking place both inside them and in their surroundings territories—habitat loss, changes in land use, fragmentation of natural ecosystems. In this paper, we aim to test the hypothesis that municipalities located in the Socioeconomic Influence Zones (SIZs) of the fifteen National Parks (NPs) in Spain are more sustainable than those in their surroundings or, conversely, that the municipalities of their surroundings are more unsustainable. To measure their sustainability, we propose a system for assessment using fifteen indicators selected by experts. The methodology is based on the normalization of the data of each indicator, comparing them with a desirable target value defined in terms of sector policies and strategies. We then aggregate the indicators for each group in three indices that cover the classic dimensions of sustainability—environmental, economic and social. On a network scale, the results show that municipalities inside the SIZs are 1.594 points more sustainable environmentally, 0.108 economically and 0.068 socially than those of their surroundings. A system for assessment of the sustainability of municipalities (SASMU) may be a useful tool for NP managers, and for local and regional administrations, when setting priorities for policies, projects and compensation for regulatory restrictions related to NPs.
RESUMENEl artículo pretende analizar las relaciones entre capital territorial y cicloturismo, y especialmente, las conexiones de los flujos turísticos con factores básicos de capital territorial como la longitud de costa, los bienes de interés cultural, los espacios naturales protegidos y la población; y sus implicaciones para el desarrollo del cicloturismo. A tal fin se realiza un análisis de correlación lineal de estas variables en las comunidades autónomas españolas. Por otro lado, identifica las condiciones particulares del capital terrritorial de Andalucía para el desarrollo del cicloturismo mediante diversos indicadores, así como de los instrumentos sectoriales de planificación existentes, junto a las principales tendencias globales del mercado. La estructura del mercado potencial del cicloturismo se analiza contrastando el perfil del turista que visita Andalucía, según el grado de utilización de la bicicleta en su país o comunidad de origen, y los flujos turísticos que genera. Finalmente, se propone un modelo multidimensional de cicloturismo basado en la óptica de capital territorial, estableciendo unas conclusiones y recomendaciones para la evaluación, planificación y gestión integrada del sector.Francisco Fernández-Latorre Flujos turísticos, capital territorial y uso de la bicicleta. Andalucía como modelo de destino emergente en cicloturismo. ABSTRACTThe article analyzes the relationships between territorial capital and cycle tourism, and more specifically, the interconnections that exist between tourism flows, coastline length, assets of cultural interest, protected natural areas and population; as well as their influence on cycle tourism. To this end, a linear correlation analysis was conducted amongst Spanish Autonomous Communities. Furthermore, particular conditions of territorial capitals were identified by using a number of indicators, as well as existing sectorial planning instruments and global market trends. A potential market structure is outlined by contrasting tourist profiles according to the percentage of total number of journeys by bicycle in the tourist source community and generated tourism flows. Finally, a multidimensional model for cycle tourism is proposed, a set of conclusions and recommendations for assessment, planning and integrated management of the sector are defined.Francisco Fernández-Latorre Flujos turísticos, capital territorial y uso de la bicicleta. Andalucía como modelo de destino emergente en cicloturismo.
RESUMENLas formulas cooperativas y redes tienen relevancia en turismo, al ser éste un fenómeno inherentemente reticular. El trabajo identifica redes y formulas cooperativas en turismo, especialmente las desarrolladas en Andalucía. Primero desde el enfoque de la planificación territorial y turística. A continuación se centra en un análisis de clusters económicos y turismo. Se observa una correlación estadística entre riqueza de clusters y competitividad turística de las comunidades autónomas españolas, medidas por Monitur. Por último se propone un modelo de turismo de clusters y se aplica en Andalucía. Se concibe como un modelo-red, que trata de maximizar las relaciones colaborativas entre el turismo y los clusters presentes en cada destino.
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