The use of animals as bioindicators has been useful, especially in the evaluation of environmental impact of pollutant discharges in aquatic ecosystems. This study, aims to assess the fish Phalloceros caudimaculatus (known as Guaru) as a heavy metal sbioindicator. LC50 (96 h) acute toxicity tests to potassium dichromate salts, cadmium nitrate, lead II nitrate and zinc sulfate, and bioaccumulation of metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead and zinc were conducted. In the bioaccumulation test, for three months standard tanks were used, with different contamination levels above the levels set by local law, a pollution control tank was also set. The following data was obtained in acute toxicity tests LC50 (96 h): Potassium dichromate 164.58 ± 18.75 mg/L, Cadmium nitrate was 29.5 ± 1.21 mg/L, Lead nitrate was 15.5 ± 0.47 mg/L and zinc sulfate was 62.8 ± 2.81 mg/L. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) maintained the order Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr, where the resulting values were considered high for the four elements ranging from 92.4 (Cr) to 1793.1 (Zn). Based on the test results, the Guaru fish proved resistant to the presence of these metals and a showed a high bioaccumulation rate. Thus, it can be used as a bioindicator of heavy metals.
A presença de metais pesados no ambiente aquático pode ser originada de forma natural, por intemperismo das rochas ou por ações antropogênicas, com lançamento de resíduos e esgoto sem tratamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a concentração dos metais Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn em amostras de peixes, como o jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), voga (Cyphocharax voga) e joaninha (Crenicichla punctata) coletados da Lagoa Mangueira – RS. Analisou-se os tecidos dos músculos, brânquias e vísceras dos peixes. Dois métodos de digestão foram avaliados na decomposição do músculo do jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) e o método escolhido digeriu as amostras de tecido dos peixes em solução de HNO3/H2O2 2:1 (v/v), sob ultrassom à 70ºC por 10 min. Em paralelo, foi analisado o material certificado DORM-3 para avaliar a exatidão do método empregado na digestão das amostras. A ordem de distribuição dos metais pesados nos tecidos dos músculos, brânquias e vísceras das espécies analisadas foi Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb, sendo o Cr e Pb quantificados somente nas partes investigadas da traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) e o Ni não foi detectado em nenhuma espécie. Através do cálculo do fator de bioacumulação (FBA) avaliou-se o nível de metais no sedimento que pode se tornar biodisponível para os peixes. Os analitos foram quantificados utilizando a espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (F AAS).
The Mangueira Lagoon is 123 km long and 7.6 km wide at its widest point, with an average depth of 2.5 m. By the fact that this lagoon is one of the youngest geological formations on Earth (only 4.5 thousand years), little is known about the geology of its sediments. This work describes the concentration of the toxic metals Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in surface sediments samples of Mangueira Lagoon. The sediment samples were collected and underwent pseudo-acid digestion (aqua regia / perchloric acid). The extracts obtained were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy in flame. Cu and Zn were detected at all points during the test. Zn is a major element, ranging from 2.5 mg kg-1 ± 0.3% to 4.1 mg kg-1 ± 2.4%, followed by Cu with values between 2.0 mg kg-1 ± 8.5% to 2.5 mg kg-1 ± 4.2%. Considering the parameters established by the CCME (Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines), TEL (Threshold Effect Level) and PEL (Probable Effect Level), the concentrations of toxic metals found in the surface sediment were low and showed low environmental impacts. These results constitute a contribution to a better understanding of the processes that occur in the region, serving as a basis for future work.
Neste estudo foi avaliada a sensibilidade do peixe Phalloceros caudimaculatus (guaru), para os sais dicromato de potássio, nitrato de cádmio, nitrato de chumbo e sulfato de zinco. Foi feito o teste da toxicidade aguda para encontrar o valor da CL50 96 h. Os peixes analisados foram recolhidos em córregos urbanos da cidade de Pelotas/RS. No laboratório os exemplares foram postos em aquário para sua adaptação e procriação. O ensaio da CL50 96h foi realizado em triplicata com 144 exemplares. Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda para a CL50 96 h no guaruzinhu foi de 162,5 mg L-1 de dicromato de potássio, 29,47 mg L-1 de nitrato de cádmio, 15,52 mg L-1 de nitrato de chumbo e 62,82 mg L-1 de sulfato de zinco .
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