Pérdidas de nitrógeno por lixiviación por efecto de la fuente del fertilizante en un suelo derivado de cenizas volcánicasKeywords: fish sludge, dairy slurry, inorganic fertilizer, water quality ABSTRACTAn intact lysimeters study was carried out to measure the potential nitrogen (N) losses on an andisoil of Southern Chile with different fertilisers. The treatments tested were: fish slurry (FS), dairy slurry (DS), potassium nitrate (IF) and a control treatment (C), with no N addition. An equivalent amount of 150 kg of total N ha -1 was applied to each lysimeter and then the equivalent to 1260 mm of rainfall was irrigated over a 90 days period. Leachate samples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic N (No). Total N losses were calculated as the product between drainage and the respective N concentration in the leachates. Lowest N losses were obtained in the control and FS treatments (66 kg N ha -1 ) and the greatest amount was obtained in the IF treatment (261 kg N ha -1 ). Nitrogen was mainly lost as nitrate and No (each was 49% of the total N losses). High soil organic matter of andisoils can be more relevant than fertiliser for N leaching losses. RESUMENUn experimento con lisímetros intactos se llevó a cabo para medir el potencial de pérdida de nitrógeno (N) en un andisol del sur de Chile con diferentes fertilizantes. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron purín de pescado (FS), purín de lechería (DS), nitrato de potasio (IF) y un tratamiento control (C), sin adición de N. Se aplicó una dosis equivalente a 150 kg ha -1 de N total a cada lisímetro y luego estos fueron regados con el equivalente a 1260 mm de lluvia distribuida en un periodo de 90 días. Las muestras de lixiviado fueron analizadas para nitrato, nitrito, amonio y N orgánico (No). Las pérdidas totales de N fueron calculadas como el producto del drenaje colectado y su respectiva concentración de N en la muestra. Las pérdidas más bajas de N se obtuvieron en el tratamiento control y en el tratamiento FS (66 kg N ha -1 ), y las pérdidas más altas se obtuvieron el tratamiento IF (261 kg N ha -1 ). El nitrógeno fue perdido principalmente como nitrato y como No (cada uno representó el 49% del total de las pérdidas). El alto contenido de materia orgánica de un andisol puede ser más relevante para las pérdidas de N por lixiviación que el tipo de fertilizante utilizado.
A B S T R A C TIntensive salmon farming generates organic residues which have a potential use in agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three salmon sludge rates on potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop development and its residual effect on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The field experiment was carried out on an Andisoil from Osorno Serie (Hapludands), located in Osorno (40º35'S; 73º08'W), Chile. Treatment were three salmon sludge rates (50, 100, 200 t ha -1 ), a control (no fertilizer), and an inorganic fertilizer treatment. The salmon sludge was incorporated into the soil and then potato tubers cv. Yagana-INIA were planted. After the harvest, an annual ryegrass was seeded. Total potato yield with inorganic fertilizer was 64.3 t ha -1 , significantly superior to the results with the salmon sludge rates and the control (P ≤ 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) among the fish sludge rates (45.6 to 47.5 t ha -1 ) and the control treatment (39.4 t ha -1 ). In addition, there were no differences (P > 0.05) on tuber weight, but the number of tubers per plant was different (P ≤ 0.05). Annual ryegrass yield was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between fertilizer treatments and the control. Salmon sludge did not affect potato or ryegrass yield or development and increased P Olsen and cation exchange capacity in the soil. R E S U M E NLa producción intensiva de salmones genera residuos orgánicos que tienen un uso potencial en suelos agrícolas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres dosis de lodo de salmón en el desarrollo del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum) y su efecto residual en ballica anual (Lolium multiflorum). El ensayo se estableció en un suelo Andisol de la serie Osorno (Typic Hapludands), ubicado en Osorno (40º35'S; 73º08'O), Chile. Los tratamientos fueron tres dosis de lodo (50, 100 y 200 t ha -1 ), un control (sin fertilización) y un tratamiento de fertilización inorgánica. El lodo se incorporó al suelo, posteriormente se plantó papa cv. Yagana-INIA y después de la cosecha se sembró ballica anual cv. Sabalan. El rendimiento de papa con fertilización inorgánica fue 64,3 t ha -1 , superior a los resultados obtenidos con las dosis de lodo y el control (P ≤ 0,05). No hubo diferencias estadísticas (P > 0,05) entre las distintas dosis de lodo evaluadas (45,6 a 47,5 t ha -1 ) y tampoco con el control (39,4 t ha -1 ). No se observaron diferencias (P > 0,05) en el peso por tubérculo, pero el número de tubérculos por planta fue diferente (P ≤ 0,05). El rendimiento de ballica anual fue significativamente diferente (P ≤ 0,05) en los tratamientos fertilizados comparados con el control. El lodo no afectó la emergencia ni el desarrollo de los cultivos, pero incrementó el contenido de P Olsen y la suma de bases de intercambio en el suelo.Palabras clave: lodo salmones, suelo volcánico, fertilización inorgánica, papa, Solanum tuberosum, Lolium multiflorum.
Currently in Chile, there is a lack of tools to determine the real-time nutrient contribution of slurries. This study aims to evaluate three quick tests for their accuracy in estimating the total contents of N (TN), P (TP), K (TK), and ammonium-N (N-NH 4 + ) in dairy slurries. The quick tests included the Agros Nova Meter, Quantofix N Volumeter, and a hydrometer. While the Agros and Quantofix meters directly measure the ammonium-N content; the hydrometer indirectly estimates the total content of N, P, and K based on linear relationships with the slurry DM. Samples (73) were collected from dairy farms along Southern Chile (39º to 44º S and 71 to 73º W). Analyses were carried out on laboratory conditions using conventional techniques as well as using each of the quick tests. Results were subjected to straight-line regression analyses. Agros and Quantofix N-NH 4 + measurements were accurate (P < 0.01; r 2 > 0.80). The hydrometer estimations of TN, TP, and TK were also reliable (P < 0.01). Best results were obtained with P (r 2 = 0.87) and N (r 2 = 0.79) total contents. To evaluate the kits onfarm and transfer those to dairy producers may constitute a next step towards an efficient management of organic residues in dairy farms in Chile.
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