Conventional fistula surgery techniques have their place, but new technologies such as fibrin glues, dermal collagen injection, the anal fistula plugs, and stem cell injection offer alternative approaches whose long-term efficacy needs to be further clarified in large long-term randomized trials.

Biofeedback therapy plus transanal electrostimulation provided sustained improvement in bowel symptoms and anorectal function in constipated subjects with dyssynergic defecation, whereas standard therapy was largely ineffective.

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