This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S ABSTRACT Every Child Matters? An Evaluation of "Special Educational Needs" Programmes in England *The need for education to help every child rather than focus on average attainment has become a more central part of the policy agenda in the US and the UK. Remedial programmes are often difficult to evaluate because participation is usually based on pupil characteristics that are largely unobservable to the analyst. In this paper we evaluate programmes for children with moderate levels of 'special educational needs' in England. We show that the decentralized design of the policy generates significant variations in access to remediation resources across children with similar prior levels of difficulty. However, this differential is not reflected in subsequent educational attainment -suggesting that the programme is ineffective for 'treated' children. In the second part of our analysis, we use demographic variation within schools to consider the effect of the programme on whole year groups. Our analysis is consistent with no overall effect on account of the combined direct and indirect (spillover) effects. Thus, the analysis suggests that a key way that English education purports to help children with learning difficulties is not working. JEL Classification:I2

JT03411215 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. EDU/WKP(2017)4 Unclassified English text only EDU/WKP(2017)4 2 OECD EDUCATION WORKING PAPERS SERIES OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s). Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD,

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This chapter explains the basics of analysing data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) with Stata. It describes how to import the PIAAC datasets into Stata, gives an overview of the different categories of variables available in these datasets, and mentions a number of features of some types of variables about which users should be aware. The different types of missing values are explained. Routines frequently used with PIAAC datasets are presented using examples. Furthermore, the chapter is devoted to the use of plausible values variables and to the computation of imputation errors and sampling errors. In particular, it presents repest, a Stata ado file written to facilitate the analysis of international skills assessments, such as PIAAC.Stata is an integrated statistical analysis package designed for research professionals. It is particularly well suited for analysing the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey (OECD 2013(OECD , 2016b. Among existing statistical software packages, Stata stands out as it is designed to operate on one dataset at a time, using a dataset that has been previously loaded in memory. With a one-dataset survey such as PIAAC, it brings a simplicity of use and computation speeds difficult to find elsewhere. Moreover, Stata users can benefit from repest, a Stata ado file developed at the OECD and designed to facilitate the analysis of international skills assessments.Stata works as a command-line-driven software. It also includes a graphic user interface. Commands can be run-one command at a time-from a prompt located below the results window. This makes the preliminary exploration of a dataset both simple and interactive, in particular, because another window is dedicated to displaying the list of all variables. Commands can be regrouped and saved in