Structural topology optimization, which aims to find the optimal physical structure that maximizes mechanical performance, is vital in engineering design applications in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering. Recently, generative adversarial networks (GANs) have emerged as a popular alternative to traditional iterative topology optimization methods. However, GANs can be challenging to train, have limited generalizability, and often neglect important performance objectives such as mechanical compliance and manufacturability. To address these issues, we propose a new architecture called TopoDiff that uses conditional diffusion models to perform performance-aware and manufacturability-aware topology optimization. Our method introduces a surrogate model-based guidance strategy that actively favors structures with low compliance and good manufacturability. Compared to a state-of-the-art conditional GAN, our approach reduces the average error on physical performance by a factor of eight and produces eleven times fewer infeasible samples. Our work demonstrates the potential of using diffusion models in topology optimization and suggests a general framework for solving engineering optimization problems using external performance with constraint-aware guidance. We provide access to our data, code, and trained models at the following link: https://decode.mit.edu/projects/topodiff/.

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