While most people vaccinate according to the recommended schedule, this success is challenged by individuals and groups who delay or refuse vaccines. The aim of this article is to review studies on vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers (HCPs), and the influences of their own vaccine confidence and vaccination behaviour on their vaccination recommendations to others. The search strategy was developed in Medline and then adapted across several multidisciplinary mainstream databases including Embase Classic & Embase, and PschInfo. All foreign language articles were included if the abstract was available in English. A total of 185 articles were included in the literature review. 66% studied the vaccine hesitancy among HCPs, 17% analysed concerns, attitudes and/or behaviour of HCPs towards vaccinating others, and 9% were about evaluating intervention(s). Overall, knowledge about particular vaccines, their efficacy and safety, helped to build HCPs own confidence in vaccines and their willingness to recommend vaccines to others. The importance of societal endorsement and support from colleagues was also reported. In the face of emerging vaccine hesitancy, HCPs still remain the most trusted advisor and influencer of vaccination decisions. The capacity and confidence of HCPs, though, are stretched as they are faced with time constraints, increased workload and limited resources, and often have inadequate information or training support to address parents' questions. Overall, HCPs need more support to manage the quickly evolving vaccine environment as well as changing public, especially those who are reluctant or refuse vaccination. Some recommended strategies included strengthening trust between HCPs, health authorities and policymakers, through more shared involvement in the establishment of vaccine recommendations.

Three injections of vaccine prevented most definite cases of Lyme disease or asymptomatic B. burgdorferi infection.

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Background: Childhood immunization is a cost effective public health strategy. Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) services have been provided in a rural Nigerian community (Sabongidda-Ora, Edo State) at no cost to the community since 1998 through a privately financed vaccination project (private public partnership). The objective of this survey was to assess vaccination coverage and its determinants in this rural community in Nigeria

An Oka strain varicella vaccine developed by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals in the early 1980s is registered for immunization of high-risk groups in nine European countries. Because the preparation must be stored at -20 degrees C, it was reformulated to facilitate its use for general vaccination in healthy children with storage at 2-8 degrees C for 2 years. Studies using production lots of the reformulated vaccine in approximately 1400 healthy children are summarized. During the 42-day follow-up, no vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. Unsolicited reactogenicity rates were low: 14.2% in children ages 9-36 months (the main target age group for the vaccine). Seroconversion rates were 98.6% after a single dose. Consistent reactogenicity and immunogenicity were observed across vaccine lots. After efficacy is demonstrated in other studies, widespread use of this vaccine will prevent a common and potentially serious childhood illness.